Cover image of: Lucien F. Trueb - Natural Plant Products Plant materials in everyday life

Lucien F. Trueb:

Natural Plant Products

Plant materials in everyday life

2018. X, 228 pages, 89 figures, 17x24cm, 590 g
Language: English

ISBN 978-3-443-01099-7, paperback, price: 34.80 €

in stock and ready to ship

Order form

BibTeX file

Keywords

nature environment • nature supplies • plant biosphere • materials science • physical chemistry

Contents

Synopsis top ↑

21st century man uses a wide range of synthetic materials, most of which were invented and developed just before and after World War II in the laboratories of chemists and materials scientists. Enormous progress was made in the fields of plastics, fibers, metal alloys, ceramics and glasses. SeveraI decades later people realized that those miracle materials posed new problems in terms of disposal, incineration and recycling.
Those issues preoccupy the media and politics, but often hide the simple fact that we still very much depend on natural plant products that have been discovered and put to use for the benefit of mankind hundreds if not thousands of years ago. Materials, fibers, elastomers, hydrocolloids, alcohols, oils, waxes, resins and energy carriers supplied by plants all too often are taken for granted, as they seemingly have always been around. Few of us are aware of the fact that without them, our lives would not only be a lot less comfortable but downright unthinkable.
For a billion years now, plants have been the direct or at least indirect pre­condition of most other forms of life. Plants alone are capable of synthesizing simple sugars such as glucose from carbon dioxide and water using solar radiation as the source of energy. This photosynthesis is the starting point of ten thousands of complex chemical reactions often also involving nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and about twenty trace elements, mostly metals. The result is an extremely diversified set of molecules that are needed for the intricate chemistry of life.
The author aims to point out how intimately man is linked to the plant biosphere, even though the vast fields of food and pharmaceuticals were consciously not considered. He has endeavored to explain the properties of plant materials and their processing as thoroughly as possible but in terms that are understandable to the interested layman. This information is of vital importance: the quality of our lives, our long-term survival critically depends on protecting the sources of plant materials that must be used in an intelligent, sustainable way. This book addresses all those interested in our natural environment and the plant products nature supplies.

Table of Contents top ↑

1. Materials 1
1.1 Wood – a renewable material 1
1.1.1 Wood as archetype of matter 1
1.1.2 A natural composite material 1
1.2 Modern forestry 2
1.3 The Taiga-forest of Fennoscandia 2
1.3.1 Semi-natural forests 3
1.3.2 Planting and sowing trees 4
1.3.3 Three thinnings in a hundred years 4
1.4 Forests of Central and Southern Europe 4
1.5 North American forests 5
1.6 Technically and economically important tree species 13
1.6.1 Acacias 13
1.6.2 Alder 14
1.6.3 Ash 14
1.6.4 Balsa 15
1.6.5 Beech 15
1.6.6 Birch 16
1.6.7 Blackthorn 17
1.6.8 Box tree 17
1.6.9 Chestnut 18
1.6.10 Corylus: Common Hazel and Filbert 19
1.6.11 Ebony 20
1.6.12 Elm 20
1.6.13 Eucalyptus 21
1.6.14 Firs 22
1.6.15 Giant Redwood 23
1.6.16 Hickory 23
1.6.17 Hornbeam 24
1.6.18 Horse chestnut 24
1.6.19 Larch 25
1.6.20 Linden – Tilia 25
1.6.21 Mahogany 26
1.6.22 Maple 27
1.6.23 Mountain ash or rowan 28
1.6.24 Oak 28
1.6.25 Pine 29
1.6.26 Plane tree or Sycamore (Platanus) 31
1.6.27 Poplar 31
1.6.28 Quaking aspen 32
1.6.29 Quebracho 33
1.6.30 Robinia or False acacia 33
1.6.31 Rosewood 34
1.6.32 Single-Leaf pinyon 34
1.6.33 Spruce 34
1.6.34 Swiss stone pine 35
1.6.35 Teak 36
1.6.36 Walnut tree 36
1.6.37 Yew 37
1.7 Bamboo 37
1.8 Engineered Wood Products 39
1.8.1 Plywood 39
1.8.2 Processing the raw material 40
1.8.3 Hardboard, Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF), Oriented Strand Board
(OSB) and Particle Board 41
1.8.4 Cement-Bonded Wood 44
1.9 Wood-plastic composites 44
1.10 Structural products made from waste wood 44
1.11 Cellulose 44
1.11.1 Wood Pulp 44
1.11.2 Sulfite and Sulfate Cellulose 45
1.11.3 Bleaching 46
1.11.4 Wastewater-free bleaching 46
1.12 Paper 47
1.12.1 Paper starts as a suspension of fibers 47
1.12.2 From newsprint to hand-made paper 48
1.12.3 Self-destroying paper 49
1.13 Cellulose derivatives 49
1.14 Lignin 52
1.15 Bagasse 53
1.16 Peat 54
1.17 Cork 54
1.18 Starch 56
1.19 Wood distillation products 56
1.20 Charcoal and activated Carbon 57
1.21 Wood Ashes 58
2. Fibers 58
2.1 Seed-padding fibers 58
2.1.1 Cotton 59
2.1.2 Coir or cocos fiber 61
2.1.3 Kapok 62
2.2 Bast fibers or stem skin fibers 63
2.2.1 Flax 64
2.2.2 Hemp 65
2.2.3 Ramie 66
2.2.4 Jute 67
2.2.5 Jute substitution fibers 68
2.3 Leaf fibers 70
2.4 Miscellaneous fibers 71
3. Elastomers 75
3.1 Balata and Guttapercha 75
3.2 Guayule: Latex from a desert shrub 76
3.3 Kok-saghyz or Russian Dandelion 79
3.4 Natural Rubber 80
3.4.1 A dangerous fungus 82
3.4.2 A strategic material 82
3.4.3 Gathering latex 82
3.4.4 Standard Malaysian Rubber 83
3.4.5 Rubber 83
4. Hydrocolloids – Thickeners 84
4.1 Agar-agar 84
4.2 Algin 85
4.3 Aloe vera 87
4.4 Carrageenan 88
4.5 Cellulose derivatives 89
4.6 Galactomannanes 89
4.6.1 Carob flour or Locust bean flour 90
4.6.2 Tara seed flour 91
4.6.3 Guar gum flour 91
4.7 Iceland moss 94
4.8 Pectin 95
4.9 Starch and Dextrins 95
4.10 Tamarind 97
4.11 Tragacanth 98
4.12 Xanthan 99
5. Alcohols, Oils, Essential Oils 99
5.1 Alcohols 99
5.1.1 Ethanol 99
5.1.2 Glycerol 100
5.2 Oils 101
5.2.1 Nondrying Oils 101
5.2.2 Semi-drying Oils 104
5.2.3 Drying Oils 108
5.2.4 Essential Oils 114
5.2.5 Conifer Oils 136
6. Waxes, Resins, Gum-Resins 142
6.1 Waxes 142
6.2 Resins 146
6.3 Hard Resins 147
6.4 Soft Resins (oleoresins) and balsams 154
6.5 Fossil Resins 156
6.6 Gums and Gum-Resins 158
7. Tanning Agents 164
7.1 Inorganic and vegetal tanning agents 164
7.1.1 Tanning technologies 165
7.1.2 All-important crosslinking 165
7.1.3 Chromium tanning 166
7.1.4 Tanning with vegetal agents 166
7.2 Hydrolysable Tanning Agents 166
7.3 Condensed Tanning Agents 168
7.4 Tanning with Plant Products 171
7.4.1 Preparing the hides 172
7.4.2 Tanning in the barrel and in the pit 172
7.4.3 Impregnating and dyeing 172
8. Plant Pigments 173
8.1 Discovering Color 173
8.1.1 Body colors and textile dyes 173
8.2 Flower Pigments 178
8.2.1 Anthocyanins 178
8.2.2 Flavonoids 179
8.2.3 Betalains 180
8.2.4 Carotenoids 180
8.3 Other Plant Pigments 182
8.3.1 Brasilin 182
8.3.2 Chlorophyll 182
8.3.3 Coleons 183
8.3.4 Campechean Wood (Bloodwood, Logwood) 183
8.4 Lichen Dyes 184
8.4.1 Litmus 184
8.4.2 Orcein 184
8.5 Colorants derived from plant products 184
8.5.1 Activated Carbon 184
8.5.2 Caramel Color 185
9. Miscellaneous Plant Products 185
9.1 Abscisic acid (ABA) 185
9.2 Gibberellins 185
9.3 Lecithins 186
9.4 Lycopodium powder 186
9.5 Nicotine 187
9.6 Panama bark (Soap bark, Quillaja) 188
9.7 Pyrethrum 188
9.8 Starch 189
10. Alternative energy sources 191
10.1 Biofuels 191
10.1.1 Ethanol from Sugar 192
10.1.2 Ethanol from Starch 193
10.1.3 Wood saccharification 197
10.1.4 Ethanol from Cellulose 198
10.1.5 Biodiesel 199
10.1.6 Biodiesel from Algae 200
10.1.7 SunDiesel 204
10.1.8 Biogas 205
10.1.9 Wood gasification in the USA 205
10.1.10 Gasifying waste wood 207
10.1.11 Wood gasification in Europe 208
10.1.12 Wood pellets 209
10.2 Fast growing energy crops 211
10.2.1 Jatropha 212
10.2.2 Poplars 213
10.2.3 Miscanthus × giganteus 214
10.2.4 Sudangrass 214
10.2.5 Switchgrass 215
Acknowledgements 216
Figure captions / Photocredits 217
Index 219