The untimely death of Michel Guédès (30 Oct. 1942–29 Nov. 1985; see
G.G. Aymonin, Taxon 36: 699–700), a floral morphologist with whom I
had co-authored, and who was a few months younger than me, was an
early reminder of one’s mortality. In Taxon 23: 398–401 Guédès
published a review of Rolf Sattler’s Organogenesis of flowers: A
photographic text-atlas (1973, xxvi, 207 pp.) that he entitled “The
new Payer.” Guédès devoted over half of his review to a pithy history
of French and German contributions to floral morphology. Pivotal were
those of Jean-Baptiste Payer (1818–60)— another untimely death! —via
his monumental Traité d’organogénie comparée de la fleur ( Paris, 2
vols. 1857, 1966 facsimile 1-vol. reprint by J. Cramer, Lehre, [4],
viii, 748 pp. [Texte], viii pp., 154 pls. [Atlas], series: Historiae
naturalis classica, vol. 47).
Leins & Erbar (2010) have a pictorial dedication “to the great French
flower morphologist Jean-Baptiste Payer 1818–1860,” but seem not to
discuss Payer in their text to place him into proper modern
perspective. A reprinting of Guédès’s (1974) historical overview would
have done the job. I am, of course, obliged to Guédès for the modified
title of the present review.
All three aforecited books are heavily developmental. However, because
Leins & Erbar emphasize so much more, I not only amended Guédès’s
title but also amplified it to refer to A.J. Eames’s Morphology of
the angiosperms (1961, xiii, 518 pp.) and Focko Weberling’s
Morphology of flowers and inflorescences (1989, xx, 405 pp., a
translation of the 1981 German edition, Morphologie der Blüten und
der Blütenstände, 391 p p.; for brief review see R. Schmid, Taxon
40: 160; see also Taxon 42: 311).
A common thread connecting Payer (1857), Sattler (1973), and Leins &
Erbar (2010) is the description and profuse illustration of the floral
ontogeny of numerous taxa: (1) Payer describes many genera and well
over 100 families, using, fide Guédès, “154 tightly packed,
magnificent plates lithographed from his own and A. Faguet’s
drawings”; (2) Sattler describes 39 genera in 36 families of
dicotyledons and 11 genera in 8 families of monocotyledons, using some
1200 photos; (3) Leins & Erbar describe many t axa, using 258
multi-component figures. (4) Moreover, Payer has B&W drawings based on
light microscopy, whereas Sattler has B&W photos based on the
same. (5) In contrast, Leins & Erbar have color and B&W artwork based
on light and especially scanning electron microscopy.
Payer and Sattler are atlases of floral development for plant
families, whereas Leins & Erbar are an atlas of floral and fruit
morphology and ontogeny interpreted from a phylogenetic, functional,
and ecological standpoint (I echo the titular and subtitular
words!). This is a dynamic and very interesting approach that wisely
avoids truncating events at fertilization, the “official” divider
between flower and fruit. The inflorescence, flower, and pollination
get 249 pages (sections 1–15 below), whereas the fruit, seed, and
diaspore dispersal get 78 pages (sections 16–18 below). This is
appropriate coverage. Leins & Erbar also wisely avoid the minutia of
palynology and embryology (a heavy emphasis of Eames, 1961),
subdisciplines of morphology that only would require space for
coverage and yet yield few benefits in reliable functional and
ecological interpretation.
Leins & Erbar’s text is divided into 18 unnumbered sections that would
have been better numbered for convenient cross-reference. I quote
(sans quote marks) these 18 sectional headings and indicate their
length to illustrate the richness and depth of treatment: (1)
beforehand some thoughts on the origin and the important role of the
flowers in the life cycle of plants (8 pages); (2) short description
of an angiosperm flower—some basic terms (1 page); (3) the genetic
approach to the floral organ determination—from the A-B-C model to the
A-B-C-D-E model (5 pages); (4) differential growth and organ
delimitation (4 pages); (5) number and arrangement of floral organs in
the flowers (19 pages); (6) floral symmetry (2 pages); (7) the
perianth (12 pages); (8) the androecium (28 pages); (9) the gynoecium
(21 pages); (10) the floral axis (13 pages); (11) nectaries (13
pages); (12) floral diagrams (4 pages); (13) inflorescences (5 pages);
(14) important flower functions and the relevant adaptations (45
pages); (15) the flowers and their pollinators—coadaptations (69
pages); (16) the flower in the state of seed maturity (20 pages); (17)
patterns of seed dispersal (7 pages); (18) modes of diaspore dispersal
and adaptations of the plants and their diaspores to the dispersing
agents (51 pages).
Chapters 5, 8, 9–11, 14–16, and 18 are especially noteworthy. The
53-page appendix is a classification of angiosperms following APG III
(2009; see Taxon 59: 1633) and complete with over 400 space-saving
floral formulae. The 18-page unillustrated glossary is thorough and
includes many terms likely to be unfamiliar to non- Europeans;
citation of appropriate figures to illustrate the terms in the
glossary would have been helpful. The glossary, new to this edition,
is an essential addition due to the plethora of terms used; American
students, I know from experience, rebel against even basic botanical
terminology, although many students are “pre-med,” an area with a real
terminological plethora daunting even to this reviewer. A
comprehensive 16-page bibliography and 25-page index conclude.
Leins & Erbar’s 2010 book, I should emphasize, is a translation,
update, and enhancement of their 2008 second German edition. I
commend the authors for making their exemplary 2008 work more
accessible via a translation, which is mostly fluid. My university
library lacks the 2008 edition. Hence I quote from Alexander
Vrijdaghs’s excellent review in Pl. Ecol. Evol. 144: 119, comparing
the German and English editions: “… the layout has been refreshed, the
chapter about the evolutionary developmental backgrounds of floral
development has been extended, the systematic part has been adapted to
APG III (2009), and many existing figures have been improved
(e.g. with colour print). New figures as well as a glossary have been
added.” Moreover, to improve “readability,” references are ganged at
the ends of sections rather than being scattered throughout the text
(Leins & Erbar, p. v).
In summary, this is a significant work placing the reproductive
morphology of angiosperms into a modern phylogenetic, functional, and
ecological context. This book is an essential reference for research
libraries and for all persons interested in flowers and fruits.
Rudolf Schmid, TAXON 60 (3), page 935-936, June 2011 (by permission)