This book is a detailed account of the life-long experience in aquatic
ecosystem rehabilitation of the Swedish limnologist Sven Björk, who is
also the principal author. The narrative of the book is centered
around some major examples, of which two are lakes in southern Sweden
and six others are lakes and wetlands in different parts of the world,
that is Brazil, China, Tibet, Jamaica, Tunisia, and Iran. Because of
the long time-span covered by his active career, Björk’s stories read
more like a history of the growth of limnological insights and their
applications to solve major environmental problems during the period
1955–2012. Most attention is paid to the two lakes closest to the
author’s home, that is Lake Trummen near Växjö and Lake Hornborga in
Västergötland. These lakes are each an example of a major
environmental deterioration of lake systems in this part of the world
in the 1950s–1960s; Lake Trummen was heavily eutrophicated because of
increasing inflows of domestic wastewater, whereas Lake Hornborga
suffered from seriously lowered water levels to reclaim agricultural
land in the surrounding peaty catchment. For both lakes, there is an
impressive account of the problematic initial situation, the careful
application of knowledge and research for designing rehabilitation
plans, the implementation of these plans in often innovative
technological and ecological measures, and the monitoring of the lake
condition towards a sustainable, healthy status. For the Hornborga
Lake, this involved attempts to stop and reverse the massive
colonization of the shallower lake by aquatic plants and reeds. These
courses of events spanned more than 50 years and were all meticulously
recorded and described, with attention for the changes in ecological
functioning, plant and animal diversity, for the communication with
stakeholders and society at large, and for the successes and failures
in working together with engineers and politicians.
The sections about the various projects of much shorter duration in
widely different parts of the world give an overview of the contacts
of Björk and his group with the outside world, as they developed
during his lifetime. Often the group was called in for help to solve
major problems by fellow limnologists who had obviously been impressed
by the major accomplishments in the Swedish lakes and wetlands. Björk
and his team worked on a rehabilitation plan for the heavily polluted
Lake Tunis (1970s) and were invited by the Iranian government to
develop plans for the rehabilitation of wetlands and lakes threatened
by droughts and pollution in Pahlavi/Mordab Lagoon near the Caspian
Sea (1970s). In both of these projects, studies were made and ideas
for whole suites of large-scale measures were proposed, but these did
not materialize because of political issues and (in the case of Iran)
regime change. There are nice descriptions (by Wilhelm Granéli) of
restoration projects in several degraded lakes in Brazil
(1980s/1990s), while two projects stand out because they deal with
several large peatlands in different parts of the world undergoing
nonsustainable exploitation. The Swedish team was asked to develop a
more holistic scheme for making use of the natural resources of the
peatlands without the major deterioration of the areas. The projects
in the mountains of Tibet and in Jamaica (1980s/1990s) had to deal
with the practice of peat excavations to use it for fuel and for
horticultural purposes. It is striking that the rehabilitation plan
here called for a better distinction of the peat types in the area
suitable for the horticultural use or for burning, not for minimizing
all uses of peat. It should be noted here that the importance of
peatlands to store carbon and to regulate regional climate is now
widely accepted, and drainage and use of peat are inherently
nonsustainable because the resource is depleted (and converted to CO2)
immensely faster than it is replenished by peat growth. It is
striking that the Swedish team obviously had different standards for
sustainable use for lakes and for peatlands here.
The book is closed off with a chapter on “issues aggravating
anthropocenic nature,” which is a compilation of often harsh
statements and opinions by the author, probably borne partly from
large challenges and even frustrations during his long journey aiming
at improving the balance between human activities and nature’s
integrity. This account of battles fought mostly in the Swedish arena
mentions, for instance “lack of competence within the environmental
judicial system,” “the government’s consideration of
‘permissibility,’” the need to consider problems in a holistic,
landscape/catchment-wide way, and a detailed report of the battle
against the plan for a highway through a wetland.
As will be clear from the above, the book is very much dominated by
the spirit and passion of Sven Björk. It has an impressive number of
detailed stories on ways to repair a devastated landscape with lakes
and wetlands. It is very well illustrated with many good pictures and
graphs. In particular, the series of pictures taken at the same spot
over a very large number of years clearly show how drastic changes
over time can be. They are really unique. A downside of the book is
that the many examples and case studies are often described in great
detail and do not follow a common approach. Some case studies are
quite accessible with a clear introduction, presentation of objectives
and results, and a critical discussion. Others are quite loosely
organized (e.g. the Iranian example), require much reading before it
becomes clear what the issues were and how they could be handled, and
have so many subsections and headings that they rather read as a
purely descriptive report or diary. The book has a limited number of
references to the literature, in the sense that most publications
cited are authored by the Swedish group and their collaborators. There
is hardly any discussion of the findings in a more general worldwide
international context, which has probably been a deliberate choice.
This book has been a chance for Björk to express all his experiences,
which include great accomplishments, projects in very different
cultures around the world, continuous attempts to convince his
colleagues, engineers, public servants, politicians, and the larger
public, inevitably leading to successes but also frustrations. In this
sense, the book is also a historic account of the development of the
science of limnology in an era of strong environmental deterioration,
followed by public awareness and willingness to restore and by the
application of multidisciplinary knowledge in rehabilitation
projects. Sven Björk’s life and work was devoted to all of this, as he
showed in a colorful way in his book.
Jos T. A. Verhoeven
Restoration Ecology vol. 23, No. 6, November 2015, pp. 969-970