Synopsis top ↑
Climatic change and sea level rise, which are thought to result from
the enhanced greenhouse forcing of the steadily increasing
concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide and other so-called
greenhouses gases such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N20) and
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) has become a topic of major scientific and
political concern. The global dimension of the problem and the
potentially hazardous implications are leading to calls for a large
research effort to quantify the nature, magnitude and rate of climate
change and sea level rise, the impact on the natural environment and
society, as well as the feedbacks to the global climate
system. Outlines for this research effort have been formulated,
amongst others, by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme
(1GBP 1990) of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU).
The WMO/UNEP Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recently
predicted a rate of increase of global mean temperature during the
next century of 0.1 to 0.3°C per decade with an uncertainty range of
0.2 to 0.5°C per decade (HOUGHTON et al. 1990). Changes in all climate
variables (e.g. winds, precipitation, evaporation) will occur in
parallel with this global-mean warming although varying substantially
from region to region and from season to season (HULME et
al. 1990). Current climate scenarios show that large latitudinal
differences are likely to occur, which have the feature of a smaller
temperature increase of half the global mean in the tropical regions
and a larger increase of twice the global mean in high-latitude
regions (Houghton et al. 1990).
Changes in mean annual temperatures of a comparable magnitude, and
sometimes even of a similar rate of change (e.g. during the Younger
Dryas Period, ± 11000-10000 BP), as those envisaged to result from a
doubled greenhouse forcing of the atmosphere, have occurred in the
past (Berger & Labeyrie 1985) and may serve as analogues for future
changes. From paleoclimatic and paleo-environmental constructions we
know that the major changes in the geological past and the minor
deviations since historical times (e.g. Climate Optimum of the Middle
ages, Little Ice age), have caused significant alteration in the
spatial distribution of plant and animal species (e.g. Huntley & Birks
1983, Birks 1990), in the frequency and intensity of geomorphological
processes (e.g. Derbyshire 1976), and in land use (e.g. Parry et
al. 1988). A number of recent experiments, in which present climate -
life zone relationships have been extrapolated towards the warmer,
hypothetical high-C02 situation, have shown a large
’mismatch’ between the present distribution of vegetation types or
life zones and the future bioclimatic zonation (e.g. Emanuel et
al. 1985, Rizzo & Wiken 1989, Ozenda & Borel 1990). Global climate
warming of several degrees Celcius over a time span of several decades
to a century may thus be expected to have a pronounced impact on the
structure and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems and landscapes.