Exploration, production and utilisation of construction raw
materials play a key role in the development of all countries whether
industrial or developing. Construction raw materials are used for the
development and expansion of infrastructure in the broadest sense of
the word, involving the creation of housing and transport connections,
and the numerous products which simplify our daily lives.
Geologists, construction engineers, regional planners, etc., in
developing countries are increasingly frequently confronted with the
need to evaluate the usability and quality of
occurrences and deposits of construction raw materials. However, a
lack of geological and technical expertise in many developing and emerging
countries often prevents the utilisation of local mineral raw
materials for use in construction.
In an effort to support engineers and planners in making decisions, the most
important assessment criteria have been compiled in this "manual" in a
user-oriented and intuitive way.
The manual is intended to stimulate ideas in developing countries, to
kick-start projects, and to initiate self-help.
Preface
Introduction
1 Aggregates (gravel, sand and crushed rock)
1.1 Explanation of important terms
1.2 Deposit genesis
1.3 Applications
1.4 Substitutes, recycled construction material and secondary raw materials
1.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
1.5.1 General methods and testing methods
1.5.2 Physical and mechanical properties
1.5.3 Aggregates for unpaved and paved road construction1.5.3.1 Sub-base
(unbound)
1.5.3.2 Sub-base (hydraulically and bituminous bound)
1.5.3.3 Road surfaces (asphalt and concrete)
1.5.4 Aggregates for concrete (building construction, civil engineering)
1.5.5 Aggregates for screed, masonry and plaster mortar
1.5.6 Aggregates for lime-silica bricks, granulated slag brick and aerated
concrete
1.5.7 Ballast, gravel and sand in railway track construction
1.5.8 Rip-rap, drain and filter material, other
1.6 Evaluation of deposits
1.7 References
1.8 Norms, standards
1.9 Appendix
1.9.1 Glossary
1.9.2 Building properties of unconsolidated sediments
1.9.3 Suitability of unconsolidated sediments for construction purposes
1.9.4 Examples of the blending of aggregate mixtures from different mixed fractions
1.9.5 Application example for filter rule after TERZAGHI and DIN 18 035
2 Volcanic rocks and lightweight aggregates
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Classification, definition
2.1.2 References
2.2 Pumice, pumicite
2.2.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
2.2.2 Deposit genesis
2.2.3 End uses
2.2.4 Substitutes
2.2.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
2.2.6 References
2.3 Other volcanic ashes, slags and tuffitic rocks
2.3.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
2.3.2 Deposit genesis
2.3.3 End uses
2.3.4 Substitutes
2.3.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
2.3.6 References
2.4 Perlite
2.4.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
2.4.2 Deposit genesis
2.4.3 End uses
2.4.4 Substitutes
2.4.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
2.4.6 References
2.5 Basalt
2.5.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
2.5.2 Deposit genesis
2.5.3 End uses
2.5.4 Substitutes
2.5.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
2.5.6 References
2.6 Other volcanic rocks (phonolite, rhyolite, ignimbrite)
2.6.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
2.6.2 Deposit genesis
2.6.3 End uses
2.6.4 Substitute
2.6.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
2.6.6 References3 Dimension stone and roofing slate
3.1 Dimension stone
3.1.1 Definitions, systematics
3.1.2 End uses
3.1.3 Extraction, processing, end uses
3.1.4 Substitutes
3.1.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
3.1.6 References, standards
3.2 Roofing slate
3.2.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
3.2.2 Deposit genesis
3.2.3 Extraction and end uses
3.2.4 Substitutes
3.2.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
3.2.6 References, standards
4 Carbonate and sulphate rocks
4.1 Limestone
4.1.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
4.1.2 Deposit genesis
4.1.3 End uses
4.1.4 Substitutes
4.1.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
4.1.6 References
4.2 Dolomite
4.2.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
4.2.2 Deposit genesis
4.2.3 End uses
4.2.4 Substitutes
4.2.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
4.2.6 References
4.3 Magnesite
4.3.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
4.3.2 Deposit genesis
4.3.3 End uses
4.3.4 Substitutes
4.3.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
4.3.6 References
4.4 Gypsum and anhydrite
4.4.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
4.4.2 Deposit genesis
4.4.3 End uses
4.4.4 Substitutes
4.4.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
4.4.6 References
4.5 Barytes
4.5.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
4.5.2 Deposit genesis
4.5.3 End uses
4.5.4 Substitutes
4.5.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
4.5.6 References
5 Clay
5.1 Definition, systematics
5.2 Kaolin and kaolinitic clay
5.2.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
5.2.2 Deposit genesis
5.2.3 End uses
5.2.4 Substitutes
5.2.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
5.2.6 References
5.3 Refractory clay (fire clay, flint clay)
5.3.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
5.3.2 Deposit genesis
5.3.3 End uses
5.3.4 Substitutes
5.3.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
5.3.6 References
5.4 Halloysite
5.4.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
5.4.2 Deposit genesis
5.4.3 End uses
5.4.4 Substitutes
5.4.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
5.4.6 References
5.5 Allophane
5.5.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
5.5.2 Deposit genesis
5.5.3 End uses
5.5.4 References
5.6 Illite
5.6.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
5.6.2 Deposit genesis
5.6.3 End uses
5.6.4 Substitutes
5.6.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
5.6.6 References
5.7 Smectite (bentonite, montmorillonite)
5.7.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
5.7.2 Deposit genesis
5.7.3 End uses
5.7.4 Substitutes
5.7.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
5.7.6 References
5.8 Hormite (palygorskite, sepiolite)
5.8.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
5.8.2 Deposit genesis 5.8.3 End uses
5.8.4 Substitutes
5.8.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
5.8.6 References
5.9 Brick clay, loam, adobe
5.9.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
5.9.2 Deposit genesis
5.9.3 End uses
5.9.4 Substitutes
5.9.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
5.9.6 References
5.10 Expandable clay and slate
5.10.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
5.10.2 Deposit genesis
5.10.3 End uses
5.10.4 Substitutes
5.10.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
5.10.6 References
6 Silica raw material
6.1 Overview
6.1.1 Classification, definition
6.1.2 References
6.2 Quartz, cristobalite and opal
6.2.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
6.2.2 Deposit genesis
6.2.3 End uses
6.2.4 Substitutes
6.2.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
6.2.6 References
6.3 Silica sand, quartz gravel, quartzose sandstone and quartzite
6.3.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
6.3.2 Deposit genesis
6.3.3 End uses
6.3.4 Substitutes
6.3.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
6.3.6 References
6.4 Diatomite (kieselguhr)
6.4.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
6.4.2 Deposit genesis
6.4.3 End uses
6.4.4 Substitutes
6.4.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
6.4.6 References
6.5 Tripoli and siliceous earth
6.5.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
6.5.2 Deposit genesis
6.5.3 End uses
6.5.4 Substitutes
6.5.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
6.5.6 References
6.6 Chert (flint, silex)
6.6.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry
6.6.2 Deposit genesis
6.6.3 End uses6.6.4 Substitutes
6.6.5 Raw material specifications (standard values)
6.6.6 References
7 Environmental protection
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Environmental minerals
7.3 Quarrying and environment8 Regional planning
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Environmental geology in land use planning
Annex 1 Size of deposits
Annex 2 Index
Annex 3 Diagram for drafting grain size-distribution curves
Annex 4 Table comparing the most common used international sieve sizes
Annex 5 Sliding logarithmic scale to accurately read off logarithmic figures
This manual introduces the geological-technical assessment of mineral
construction materials. The requirements for the production of most
important construction raw materials are covered (including sand,
gravel, crushed rock, volcanic rock, dimension stone, roofing slate,
carbonate and sulphate rocks, clays, silica raw materials). The
publication hence describes the geological and industrial assessment
criteria in a form suitable for the special conditions in developing
countries.
In addition to technical/economic aspects, the manual also deals with
aspects of utilisation of these materials and the needs of
environmental and resource protection.
