Measurement Methods in Atmospheric Sciences
In situ and remote
2010. XIV , 257 pages, 103 figures, 28 tables, 24x17cm, 780 g
Language: English
ISBN 978-3-443-01066-9, bound, price: 68.00 €
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Keywords
psychrometer • dewpoint • ultrasonic • anemometer • cup • propeller • pluviograph • rain gauge • saltiphon • lysimeter • soil heat flux • meteorology • weatherContents
SynopsisReview: Biometeorological Bulletin Vol. 14, No. 2, 2010
Bespr.: ETDE Energy Database DE11G4422
Analyse d'ouvrage: La Météorologie - n° 73 - mai 2011
Table of contents
NEWS FLASH February 2011:
Stefan Emeis has just been awarded the
2010 ASLI CHOICE AWARD (alternatively: Am. Met. Soc Blog entry) for Measurement Methods in Atmospheric Sciences for "a comprehensive overview of the many atmospheric monitoring and measurement methods and instruments".
Measurement Methods in Atmospheric Sciences provides a comprehensive overview of in-situ and remote sensing measurement techniques for probing the Earth’s atmosphere. The methods presented in this book span the entire range from classical meteorology via atmospheric chemistry and micrometeorological flux determination to Earth observation from space. Standard instruments for meteorological and air quality monitoring methods, as well as specialized instrumentation predominantly used in scientific experiments, are covered. The presented techniques run from simple mechanical sensors to highly sophisticated electronic devices.
Special emphasis is on the rapidly evolving field of remote sensing techniques. Here, active ground-based remote sending techniques such as SODAR and LIDAR find a detailed coverage. The book conveys the basic principles of the various observational and monitoring methods, enabling the user to identify the most appropriate method.
An introductory chapter covers general principles (e.g. inversion of measured data, available platforms, statistical properties of data, data acquisition). Later chapters each treat methods for measuring a specific property (e.g. humidity, wind speed, wind direction). Long chapters provide an introductory tabular list of the methods treated. More than 100 figures and 400 references, mostly to the recent scientific literature, aid the reader in reading up on the details of the various methods at hand. Recommendations at the end of each major chapter provide additional hints on the use of some instruments in order to facilitate the selection of the proper instrument for a successful measurement.
A large number of national and international standards, providing precise guidelines for measuring and acquiring reliable, reproducible and comparable data sets are listed in the appendix. A dedicated index allows easy access to this valuable information.
The book addresses undergraduate and graduate students in meteorological and atmospheric sciences, physical geography, ecology, environmental sciences, agriculture and related disciplines as well as scientists in the process of planning atmospheric measurements in field campaigns or working with data already acquired. Practitioners in environmental agencies and similar institutions will benefit from instrument descriptions and the extended lists in the appendix.
In the era of modeling the importance of measurements seems not to be on the actual agenda. Not many books about measurement methods and techniques exist for atmospheric and related sciences. The present book is based on lectures held by the author for students in meteorology and environmental sciences. It has to be mentioned that the knowledge of meteorological/climatological techniques builds one of the most important targets also in climate and climate impact research. Therefore the present book is warmly welcomed and not only for teaching issues.
Recent and older books are structured in a traditional way explaining in separate chapter’s different relevant meteorological parameters and measurement techniques. Here the author separates from the beginning in “in situ” and “remote techniques”. It has to be mentioned that the author has long experience in experimental meteorology and climatology and is predestinated as an appropriate author for a measurements book.
The book starts with an introduction with focus on necessity, definition of measurements and historical aspects, which in my eyes had to be expanded.
Chapter 2 defines and describes the basics of the different kinds of measurements on 21 pages. The chapter is comprehensive and includes all the required aspects for the characteristics of measurements, techniques, and data.
The measurement techniques and instruments used for common/traditional meteorological variables are described and analyzed in chapter 3 which covers 34 pages. The chapter summarizes different measurement possibilities for temperature, humidity, air pressure, and wind.
Chapter 4, which contains 9 pages, deals with the measurement of liquid water and ice by the use of different kind of measurement techniques starting from the Rain gauges (totalisators) and TDR-sondes for soil moisture.
The book´s chapter 5 (25 pages) contains also the possibilities of measurement of air pollutants and gives the book some extra value. It contains all the relevant physical and chemical methods and also recommendations of the measurement of gas and particles in the atmosphere. I think that the title of the chapter should be “In-situ measurements of pollutants” or similar. In comparison to other chapters it has less figures and pictures.
The following chapter (6, contains24 pages) is dedicated to the in-situ flux measurements and covers the full spectrum. It starts from the measurement of radiation fluxes, different aspects of components of the energy budget of the near surface atmosphere based on traditional methods (Bowen) and eddy covariance and includes correction possibilities. Focus is also given i.e. in the different evaporation approaches.
With chapter 7, the remote sensing methods are in focus. First the basics of remote sensing are given and explained. It contains surface based remote sensing techniques and applications and covers most of the adar and lidar approaches. Focus is also given in the active-path averaging techniques i.e. Scintillometers, FTUR and DOAS. It includes also passive methods like radiometers and photometers. For cross section approaches, tomography methods are presented and explained. The chapter contains 48 pages and is well structured.
In the following 18 pages (chapter 8) the measurement methods based on remote sensing for spatial and vertical resolution are presented. In this chapter are included the methods for the detection of vertical profiles of air temperature, humidity and distributions of atmospheric parameters by satellites. Also included are the measurement possibilities for wind and turbulence and SODAR or LIDAR techniques.
Chapter 9 (6 pages) deals with the possibilities for applying remote sensing for water and ice in the atmosphere.
The measurement of gases and particles in the atmosphere with remote sensing methods are presented and explained in chapter 10. The chapter shows the diverse possibilities which are at moment very popular and object of research in atmospheric sciences.
The following chapter 11 deals with the measurement of surface properties. It is a short chapter (6 pages) but includes all the relevant techniques and possibilities, which are of interest not only for meteorological applications. Finally two shorts chapters mention electrical phenomena measured with remote sensing and an outlook on new developments is given.
In general this can be said to be a comprehensive book about measurement methods, techniques, and possible applications. High emphasis is given on the rapidly evolving experimental fields of remote sensing possibilities. More than 100 figures and 400 references mostly on recent literature and relevant photos complete the book.
The balance between text and visual material in form of schematic diagrams, photos and tables is very good. Also very useful is the appendix with technical guidelines and standards. Most of the well known manufacturers of measurement equipment contributed via advertisements to the book. A very positive aspect is the recommendations given in each chapter.
For the next edition I would like to recommend several appendices with unit conversions and if possible several full derivations of equations i.e. radiation errors etc. As a colleague mentioned flow chart diagrams of the methods and measurement systems would be helpful.
In general I recommend the books not only for teaching in bachelor and master courses. The books is very informative and can be used also in Biometeorology and related disciplines.
Andreas Matzarakis, Freiburg
Biometeorology Bulletin Volume 14, No. 2, 2010, p. 12-14
Measurement Methods in Atmospheric Sciences provides a comprehensive overview of in-situ and remote sensing measurement techniques for probing the Earth's atmosphere. The methods presented in this book span the entire range from classical meteorology via atmospheric chemistry and micrometeorological fiux determination to Earth observation from space. Standard instruments for meteorological and air quality monitoring methods, as well as specialized instrumentation predominantly used in scientific experiments, are covered. The presented techniques run from simple mechanical sensors to highly sophisticated electronic devices. Special emphasis is on the rapidly evolving field of remote sensing techniques. Here, active ground-based remote sending techniques such as SODAR and LIDAR find a detailed coverage. The book conveys the basic principles of the various observational and monitoring methods, enabling the user to identify the most appropriate method. An introductory chapter covers general principles (e. g. inversion of measured data, available platforms, statistical properties of data, data acquisition). Later chapters each treat methods for measuring a specific property (e.g. humidity, wind speed, wind direction). Long chapters provide an introductory tabular list of the methods treated. More than 100 figures and 400 references, mostly to the recent scientific literature, aid the reader in reading up on the details of the various methods at hand. Recommendations at the end of each major chapter provide additional hints on the use of some instruments in order to facilitate the selection of the proper instrument for a successful measurement. A large number of national and international standards, providing precise guidelines for measuring and acquiring reliable, reproducible and comparable data sets are listed in the appendix. A dedicated index allows easy access to this valuable information. The book addresses undergraduate and graduate students in meteorological and atmospheric sciences, physical geography, ecology, environmental sciences, agriculture and related disciplines as well as scientists in the process of planning atmospheric measurements in field campaigns or working with data already acquired. Practitioners in environmental agencies and similar institutions will benefit from instrument descriptions and the extended lists in the appendix.
ETDE Energy Database DE11G4422
FIZ Karlsruhe - Leibniz-Institut für Informationsinfrastruktur
Les moyens d'observation de l'atmosphère évoluent rapidement, qui'il s'agisse des mesures in situ en surface et en altitude ou bien des mesures par télédétection depuis le sol et depuis l'espace. Ce manuel propose un large tour d'horizon des techniques de mesure, depuis les instruments classiques d'observation météorologique jusqu'aux techniques les plus novatrices utilisées pour la recherche atmosphérique.
La Météorologie n° 73 - mai 2011
Preface VII
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The necessity for measurements 2
1.2 Definition of a measurement 3
1.3 Historical aspects 4
2 Measurement basics 7
2.1 Overview of methods 7
2.1.1 Direct and indirect methods 7
2.1.2 In-situ and remote sensing methods 7
2.1.3 Instantaneous and integrating methods 8
2.1.4 On-line and off-line methods, post-processing 9
2.1.5 Flux measurements 9
2.2 Main measurement principles 10
2.3 Measurements by inversion 12
2.3.1 Inversion with one variable 12
2.3.2 Inversion with more than one variable 14
2.3.3 Well-posed and ill-posed problems 16
2.4 Measurement instruments 16
2.4.1 Active and passive instruments 16
2.4.2 Analogue and digital instruments 17
2.5 Measurement platforms 18
2.6 Measurement variables 22
2.7 General characteristics of measured data 23
2.8 Data logging 26
2.9 Quality assurance/quality control 27
3 In-situ measurements of state variables 29
3.1 Thermometers 29
3.1.1 Liquid-in-glass thermometers 31
3.1.2 Bimetal thermometers 33
3.1.3 Resistance thermometers, thermistors 34
3.1.4 Thermocouples, thermopiles 35
3.1.5 Sonic thermometry 36
3.1.6 Measurement of infrared radiation 37
3.1.7 Soil thermometer 38
3.1.8 Recommendations for temperature measurements 38
3.2 Measuring moisture 40
3.2.1 Hygrometer 43
3.2.2 Psychrometers 44
3.2.3 Dewpoint determination 45
3.2.4 Capacitive methods 46
3.2.5 Recommendations for humidity measurements 46
3.3 Pressure sensors 47
3.3.1 Barometers 48
3.3.2 Hypsometers 50
3.3.3 Electronic barometers 51
3.3.4 Microbarometer 52
3.3.5 Pressure balance 52
3.3.6 Recommendations for pressure measurements 53
3.4 Wind measurements 53
3.4.1 Estimation from visual observations 57
3.4.2 Wind direction 57
3.4.3 Cup anemometer 58
3.4.4 Pressure tube 59
3.4.5 Hot wire anemometer 61
3.4.6 Ultrasonic anemometer 61
3.4.7 Propeller anemometer 62
3.4.8 Recommendations for wind measurements 63
4 In-situ methods for observing liquid water and ice 64
4.1 Precipitation 64
4.1.1 Rain sensors (Present Weather Sensors) 65
4.1.2 Rain gauges (totalisators) 66
4.1.3 Pluviographs 67
4.1.4 Disdrometer 67
4.1.5 Special instruments for snow 68
4.1.6 Recommendations for precipitation measurements 69
4.2 Soil moisture 70
4.2.1 Gravimetric methods 70
4.2.2 Neutron probes 70
4.2.3 Time domain reflectrometry (TDR) 70
4.2.4 Tensiometers 71
4.2.5 Resistance block tensiometer 71
4.2.6 Recommendations for soil moisture measurements 72
5 In-situ measurement of trace substances 73
5.1 Measurement of trace gases 74
5.1.1 Physical methods 76
5.1.2 Chemical methods 81
5.1.3 Recommendations for the measurement of trace gases 84
5.2 Particle measurements 84
5.2.1 Determination of the particle mass 85
5.2.2 Measuring particle size distributions 88
5.2.3 Measurement of the chemical composition of particles 92
5.2.4 Measuring the particle structure 94
5.2.5 Saltiphon 94
5.2.6 Recommendations for particle measurements 94
5.3 Olfactometry 95
5.4 Radioactivity 96
5.4.1 Counter tubes 96
5.4.2 Scintillation counters 97
5.4.3 Recommendations for radioactivity monitoring 97
6 In-situ flux measurements 98
6.1 Measuring radiation 98
6.1.1 Measuring direct solar radiation 100
6.1.2 Measuring shortwave irradiance 100
6.1.3 Measuring longwave irradiance 103
6.1.4 Measuring the total irradiance 103
6.1.5 Measuring chill 104
6.1.6 Sunshine recorder 104
6.1.7 Recommendations for radiation measurements 105
6.2 Visual range 105
6.3 Micrometeorological flux measurements 106
6.3.1 Cuvettes 108
6.3.2 Surface chambers 108
6.3.3 Mass balance method 110
6.3.4 Inferential method 110
6.3.5 Gradient method 111
6.3.6 Bowen-ratio method 112
6.3.7 Flux variance method 112
6.3.8 Dissipation method 113
6.3.9 Eddy covariance method 113
6.3.10 Eddy accumulation methods 117
6.3.11 Disjunct eddy covariance method 118
6.3.12 Recommendations for the measurement of turbulent fluxes 118
6.4 Evaporation 119
6.4.1 Atmometers 119
6.4.2 Lysimeters 120
6.4.3 Evaporation pans and tanks 121
6.4.4 Recommendations for evaporation measurements 121
6.5 Soil heat flux 122
6.6 Inverse emission flux modelling 122
7 Remote sensing methods 124
7.1 Basics of remote sensing 124
7.2 Active sounding methods 129
7.2.1 RADAR 129
7.2.2 Windprofilers 133
7.2.3 SODAR 135
7.2.4 RASS 141
7.2.5 LIDAR 143
7.2.6 Further LIDAR techniques 151
7.3 Active path-averaging methods 152
7.3.1 Scintillometers 152
7.3.2 FTIR 153
7.3.3 DOAS 155
7.3.4 Quantum cascade laser 156
7.4 Passive methods 157
7.4.1 Radiometers 157
7.4.2 Photometers 159
7.4.3 Infrared-Interferometer 160
7.5 Tomography 160
7.5.1 Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique (SIRT) 161
7.5.2 Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART) 161
7.5.3 Smooth Basis Function Minimization (SBFM) 162
8 Remote sensing of atmospheric state variables 163
8.1 Temperature 163
8.1.1 Near-surface temperatures 163
8.1.2 Temperature profiles 164
8.2 Gaseous humidity 167
8.2.1 Integral water vapour content 167
8.2.2 Vertical profiles 167
8.2.3 Large-scale humidity distribution 168
8.3 Wind and turbulence 170
8.3.1 Small-scale near-surface turbulence 170
8.3.2 Horizontal wind fields 171
8.3.3 Vertical wind profiles 172
8.3.4 Turbulence profiles 176
8.3.5 Cloud winds 176
8.3.6 Ionospheric winds 176
8.4 Mixing-layer heights 177
8.4.1 LIDAR 177
8.4.2 SODAR 179
8.5 Turbulent fluxes 180
8.6 Ionospheric electron densities 181
8.7 Recommendations for remote sensing of state variables 181
9 Remote sensing of water and ice 184
9.1 Precipitation 184
9.1.1 RADAR 184
9.1.2 Precipitation measurements from satellites 186
9.2 Clouds 187
9.2.1 Cloud base 187
9.2.2 Cloud cover 188
9.2.3 Cloud movement 188
9.2.4 Water content 189
9.3 Recommendations for remote sensing of liquid water and ice 189
10 Remote sensing of trace substances 190
10.1 Trace gases 190
10.1.1 Horizontal path-averaging methods 191
10.1.2 Vertical column densities 191
10.1.3 Sounding methods 192
10.2 Aerosols 193
10.2.1 Aerosol optical depths (AOD) 194
10.2.2 Sounding methods 195
10.3 Recommendations for remote sensing of trace substances 197
11 Remote sensing of surface properties 198
11.1 Properties of the solid surface 199
11.1.1 Surface roughness 199
11.1.2 Land surface temperature 199
11.1.3 Soil moisture 199
11.1.4 Vegetation 200
11.1.5 Snow and ice 201
11.1.6 Fires 201
11.2 Properties of the ocean surface 202
11.2.1 Altitudes of the sea surface 202
11.2.2 Wave heights 202
11.2.3 Sea surface temperature 203
11.2.4 Salinity 203
11.2.5 Ocean currents 204
11.2.6 Ice cover, size of ice floes 204
11.2.7 Algae and suspended sediment concentrations 204
12 Remote sensing of electrical phenomena 205
12.1 Spherics 205
12.1.1 Directional analyses 205
12.1.2 Distance analyses 205
12.2 Optical lightning detection 206
13 Outlook on new developments 207
Literature 209
Subject index 231
Appendix: Technical guidelines and standards 241
Index to the Appendix 255