World species of Monilinia (fungi)
Their ecology, biosystematics and control
Published for: New York Botanical Garden. Collaborators: Mycological Society of America.
1991. IX , 246 pages, 7 figures, 4 photos, 23x15cm, 590 g
Language: English
(Mycologia Memoir, Volume 16)
ISBN 978-3-443-76006-9, paperback, price: 76.00 €
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PREFACE 1
SUMMARY 3
A GENERAL PART 7
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 7
Economic Importance 7
The Goal and Objectives 9
MATERIELS AND METHODS 10
Location and Habitat 10
Study Site I 10
Study Site II 10
Collection and Study of Living Material 12
Cultures and Media 13
Isolation Techniques 13
Study of Cultures 14
Development of Apothecia and Conidia 14
Greenhouse Procedures 15
Preparation of Inoculum and Susceptible Host Parts 15
Inoculation and Pathogenicity 16
Microscopic Examinations 17
Measurements 17
Slide Cultures 17
Nomenclature and Host Identifications 18
Literature and frustrations 18
Specimens Examined 18
Sources and Deposit of Voucher Material 18
CHAPTER 2 MORPHOLOGY, CYTOLOGY AND
REPRODUCTION 20
INTRODUCTION 20
MYCELIUM 20
IN VITRO GROWTH, FORMATION OF CONIDIA
AND STROMATIZATION 21
Zonation 24
Conidia (Macroconidia) 24
Stromata in Vitro 25
CONIDIUM (MACROCONIDIUM) 27
Development of Conidia 27
Liberation and Dispersal of Conidia 29
Germination of Conidia 29
CONIDIA AND OTHER PROPAGULES 30
DISJ1UNCTORS 31
Development of the Disinnctor in M. vaccinii-corymbosi 31
Disjunctor Ornamentation 32
Disjunctors of other Monilinia Species and their Taxonomic Significance 32
MICROCONIDIUM 33
PSEUDOSCLEROTIUM, STROMA AND SCLEROTIUM 34
Ectostroma and its Development 35
Entostroma and its Development 36
Entostromata in the Junctmiae 37
Entostromata in the Disjunctoriae 37
Sclewtia in Monilinia 38
Discussion 39
Germination of Entostroma and Sclerotium 39
Factors that Influence Entostromatal Germination 40
eneral Conditions Recommended for Apothecial Production 41
Apothecial Production in Selected Species 41
APOTHECIUM AND ITS PHENOLOGY 42
Phases or Stages of Ontogeny 43
Ectal Excipulum 45
Medullary Excipulum 45
Subhymenium 46
Hymenium 46
Paraphyses 46
Ascus 47
The Iodine Reaction 47
Puffing by Asci 54
Ascospore 55
Ascospore Ornamentation 56
Anisospory 56
Ascospore Germination 57
APRESSORIUM 57
RHIZOIDAL TUFTS 58
CONCLUSIONS 59
CHAPTER 3 BIONOMICS, HOST RELATIONS AND CONTROL 66
LIFE HISTORY 66
Grouping of the Species of Monilinia 67
The Junctoria 67
The Disjunctoriae 67
SYMPTOMS 70
Blights 70
Blossom Blights 71
Leaf and Twig Blights 71
Cankers 79
Nature of Loss 79
Cankers in Selected Regions of the World 80
Fruit Rots 80
EXTENT OF HOST SPECIFICITY 81
Polytrophs 84
Oligotrophs 85
Monotrophs 86
Alternate Monotrophs 87
CONTROL 87
Exclusion of the Endemic Species 88
Sanitation 88
Chemical Control 89
Biological and Non-chemical Control 91
Disease Control through Host Resistance 91
CHAPTER 4 FLORAL MIMICRY AND INSECTS AS VECTORS
OF CONIDIA 93
Review of Early Research 94
Discovery of Mimicry 94
Evolutionary Significance 97
SYSTEMATICS PART 98
CHAPTER 5 BIOSYSTEMATICS OF SCLEROTINIACEAE
AND MONILINIA 98
A KEY TO SOME SCLEROTINIACEAE ON MUMMIFIED FRUITS 99
DELIMITATION OF MONILINIA AND HISTORY 99
GROUPINGS IN MONILINIA 101
Junctoriae 101
Moniliniafructicola Group 101
Disjunctoriae 101
Monilinia padi Group 101
Monilinia mall Group 102
Monilinia wnula Group 102
Monilinia alpina Group 102
Monilinia empetri Group 102
MONILINIA HONEY 102
KEY TO THE SPECKS OF MONILIN1A 103
MONILINIA FRUCTICOLA GROUP 106
1 Moniliniafructicola (Winter) Honey 106
2 Moniliniafructigena Honey 116
3 Monilinia laxa (Aderhold ~ Ruhland) Honey 120
MONILINIA PADI GROUP 126
4 Monilinia padi (Woronin) Honey 126
5 Monilinia demissa (Dana) Honey 131
6 Monilinia kusanoi (Takahashi) Yamamoto 134
7 Monilinia seaveri (Rehm) Honey 138
MONILINIA MAU GROUP 143
8 Monilinia mali (Takaahashi) Whetzel 143
9 Monilinia amelanchieris Honey 147
10 Monilinia ariae (ScheBenberg) Whetzel 150
11 Monilinia aucupariae (Ludwig in Woronin) Whetzel 153
12 Monilinia gregaria (Dana) Honey 156
13 Monilinia johnsonii (Ellis & Everhart) Honey 157
14 Monilinia linhartiana (Prillieux & Delacroix) Dennis 161
15 Monilinia mespili Whetzel 164
MONILlNlA URNULA GROUP 168
16 Monilinia wnula (Weinmann) Whetzel 168
17 Monilinia baccarum (Schröter) Whetzel 172
18 Monilinia gaylussaciae Batra 175
19 Monilinia olympia Batra 178
20 Monilinia oxycocci (Woronin) Honey 179
21 Monilinia polycodii (Reade) Honey 184
22 Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Reade) Honey 186
MONILINIA ALPINA GROUP 191
23 Monilinia alpina Batra 191
24 Monilinia azaleae Honey 195
25 Monilinia cassiopes (Rostrup) L Holm 198
26 Monilinia megalospora (Woronin) Whetzel 198
27 Monilinia megalospora subsp hybrida Batra 202
28 Monilinia ledi (Nawaschin) Whetzel 205
29 Monilinia rhododendri (Fisher ex Wahrlich) Batra 209
MONILINlA EMPETRI GROUP 211
30 Monilinia empetri (Lagerheim) Eriksson 211
CHAPTER 6 IMPERFECTLY KNOWN MONILINIA,
RELATED PARASITES AND EXCLUDED TAXA 213
31 Monilinia taxonomic sp. 2 213
32 Monilinia taxonomic sp. 3 213
33 Monilinia mume (Hara) Yamamoto 214
34 Monilia aroniae Batra 216
35 Monilia corni Reade 217
36 Monilia polycodii Reade 218
37 Monilia on Prunus emarBinata Walp 219
38 Monilia peckiana Saccardo & Voglino 219
39 Sclerotinia aestivalis Pollock 220
40 Sclerotinia phaeospora Hori 221
FRUIT MUMMIFICATIONS CAUSED BY MONIUNIA 222
41On Vaccinium alaskacnse Anderson 222
42 On Vaccinium parvifolium Sm 222
43 On Vaccinium ovatum Pursh 222
BLIGHT CAUSED BY MONILINIA 222
44 On Vaccinium canadense Kalm 222
LITERATURE CITED 223
INDEX TO TABLES 238
INDEX TO RECOGNIZED MONIUNIA AND MONIUA 239
INDEX TO HOSTS IN THE SYSTEMATICS PART 240
INDEX TO GENERA, SPECIES AND INFRASPECIFIC TAXA 244
SUMMARY 3
A GENERAL PART 7
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 7
Economic Importance 7
The Goal and Objectives 9
MATERIELS AND METHODS 10
Location and Habitat 10
Study Site I 10
Study Site II 10
Collection and Study of Living Material 12
Cultures and Media 13
Isolation Techniques 13
Study of Cultures 14
Development of Apothecia and Conidia 14
Greenhouse Procedures 15
Preparation of Inoculum and Susceptible Host Parts 15
Inoculation and Pathogenicity 16
Microscopic Examinations 17
Measurements 17
Slide Cultures 17
Nomenclature and Host Identifications 18
Literature and frustrations 18
Specimens Examined 18
Sources and Deposit of Voucher Material 18
CHAPTER 2 MORPHOLOGY, CYTOLOGY AND
REPRODUCTION 20
INTRODUCTION 20
MYCELIUM 20
IN VITRO GROWTH, FORMATION OF CONIDIA
AND STROMATIZATION 21
Zonation 24
Conidia (Macroconidia) 24
Stromata in Vitro 25
CONIDIUM (MACROCONIDIUM) 27
Development of Conidia 27
Liberation and Dispersal of Conidia 29
Germination of Conidia 29
CONIDIA AND OTHER PROPAGULES 30
DISJ1UNCTORS 31
Development of the Disinnctor in M. vaccinii-corymbosi 31
Disjunctor Ornamentation 32
Disjunctors of other Monilinia Species and their Taxonomic Significance 32
MICROCONIDIUM 33
PSEUDOSCLEROTIUM, STROMA AND SCLEROTIUM 34
Ectostroma and its Development 35
Entostroma and its Development 36
Entostromata in the Junctmiae 37
Entostromata in the Disjunctoriae 37
Sclewtia in Monilinia 38
Discussion 39
Germination of Entostroma and Sclerotium 39
Factors that Influence Entostromatal Germination 40
eneral Conditions Recommended for Apothecial Production 41
Apothecial Production in Selected Species 41
APOTHECIUM AND ITS PHENOLOGY 42
Phases or Stages of Ontogeny 43
Ectal Excipulum 45
Medullary Excipulum 45
Subhymenium 46
Hymenium 46
Paraphyses 46
Ascus 47
The Iodine Reaction 47
Puffing by Asci 54
Ascospore 55
Ascospore Ornamentation 56
Anisospory 56
Ascospore Germination 57
APRESSORIUM 57
RHIZOIDAL TUFTS 58
CONCLUSIONS 59
CHAPTER 3 BIONOMICS, HOST RELATIONS AND CONTROL 66
LIFE HISTORY 66
Grouping of the Species of Monilinia 67
The Junctoria 67
The Disjunctoriae 67
SYMPTOMS 70
Blights 70
Blossom Blights 71
Leaf and Twig Blights 71
Cankers 79
Nature of Loss 79
Cankers in Selected Regions of the World 80
Fruit Rots 80
EXTENT OF HOST SPECIFICITY 81
Polytrophs 84
Oligotrophs 85
Monotrophs 86
Alternate Monotrophs 87
CONTROL 87
Exclusion of the Endemic Species 88
Sanitation 88
Chemical Control 89
Biological and Non-chemical Control 91
Disease Control through Host Resistance 91
CHAPTER 4 FLORAL MIMICRY AND INSECTS AS VECTORS
OF CONIDIA 93
Review of Early Research 94
Discovery of Mimicry 94
Evolutionary Significance 97
SYSTEMATICS PART 98
CHAPTER 5 BIOSYSTEMATICS OF SCLEROTINIACEAE
AND MONILINIA 98
A KEY TO SOME SCLEROTINIACEAE ON MUMMIFIED FRUITS 99
DELIMITATION OF MONILINIA AND HISTORY 99
GROUPINGS IN MONILINIA 101
Junctoriae 101
Moniliniafructicola Group 101
Disjunctoriae 101
Monilinia padi Group 101
Monilinia mall Group 102
Monilinia wnula Group 102
Monilinia alpina Group 102
Monilinia empetri Group 102
MONILINIA HONEY 102
KEY TO THE SPECKS OF MONILIN1A 103
MONILINIA FRUCTICOLA GROUP 106
1 Moniliniafructicola (Winter) Honey 106
2 Moniliniafructigena Honey 116
3 Monilinia laxa (Aderhold ~ Ruhland) Honey 120
MONILINIA PADI GROUP 126
4 Monilinia padi (Woronin) Honey 126
5 Monilinia demissa (Dana) Honey 131
6 Monilinia kusanoi (Takahashi) Yamamoto 134
7 Monilinia seaveri (Rehm) Honey 138
MONILINIA MAU GROUP 143
8 Monilinia mali (Takaahashi) Whetzel 143
9 Monilinia amelanchieris Honey 147
10 Monilinia ariae (ScheBenberg) Whetzel 150
11 Monilinia aucupariae (Ludwig in Woronin) Whetzel 153
12 Monilinia gregaria (Dana) Honey 156
13 Monilinia johnsonii (Ellis & Everhart) Honey 157
14 Monilinia linhartiana (Prillieux & Delacroix) Dennis 161
15 Monilinia mespili Whetzel 164
MONILlNlA URNULA GROUP 168
16 Monilinia wnula (Weinmann) Whetzel 168
17 Monilinia baccarum (Schröter) Whetzel 172
18 Monilinia gaylussaciae Batra 175
19 Monilinia olympia Batra 178
20 Monilinia oxycocci (Woronin) Honey 179
21 Monilinia polycodii (Reade) Honey 184
22 Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Reade) Honey 186
MONILINIA ALPINA GROUP 191
23 Monilinia alpina Batra 191
24 Monilinia azaleae Honey 195
25 Monilinia cassiopes (Rostrup) L Holm 198
26 Monilinia megalospora (Woronin) Whetzel 198
27 Monilinia megalospora subsp hybrida Batra 202
28 Monilinia ledi (Nawaschin) Whetzel 205
29 Monilinia rhododendri (Fisher ex Wahrlich) Batra 209
MONILINlA EMPETRI GROUP 211
30 Monilinia empetri (Lagerheim) Eriksson 211
CHAPTER 6 IMPERFECTLY KNOWN MONILINIA,
RELATED PARASITES AND EXCLUDED TAXA 213
31 Monilinia taxonomic sp. 2 213
32 Monilinia taxonomic sp. 3 213
33 Monilinia mume (Hara) Yamamoto 214
34 Monilia aroniae Batra 216
35 Monilia corni Reade 217
36 Monilia polycodii Reade 218
37 Monilia on Prunus emarBinata Walp 219
38 Monilia peckiana Saccardo & Voglino 219
39 Sclerotinia aestivalis Pollock 220
40 Sclerotinia phaeospora Hori 221
FRUIT MUMMIFICATIONS CAUSED BY MONIUNIA 222
41On Vaccinium alaskacnse Anderson 222
42 On Vaccinium parvifolium Sm 222
43 On Vaccinium ovatum Pursh 222
BLIGHT CAUSED BY MONILINIA 222
44 On Vaccinium canadense Kalm 222
LITERATURE CITED 223
INDEX TO TABLES 238
INDEX TO RECOGNIZED MONIUNIA AND MONIUA 239
INDEX TO HOSTS IN THE SYSTEMATICS PART 240
INDEX TO GENERA, SPECIES AND INFRASPECIFIC TAXA 244