Part I

Ecology of brackish water

By Adolf Remane

Introduction 1

I. Salinity as a factor in the distribution of animals and definitions
of brackish water 2

A. Boundaries and subdivisions of brackish water 2

B. The origin of brackish water 7

C. Specific hydrographic features of brackish waters 10

II. Special ecological features of brackish-water organisms 16

A. Poverty of species 16

B. Changes in form and way of life in brackish water 25

1. Changes in size (reduction in brackish water, depauperization) of marine
organisms 25

2. Changes in size in fresh-water organisms 36

3. Deviation of form and structure of organisms in brackish water 39

a) Reduction of calcareous skeletons 39
b) Meristic reductions and anomalies 39
c) Other deviations 40

4. Reproductive changes in brackish water 42

5. Special ecological features of brackish-water inhabitants 46

a) Occurrence at greater depths in brackish water 46
b) Changes of biotope on transition from sea to brackish water 49
c) Differences of biotope in the range brackish water fresh water 50

III. Brackish water as an area of colonisation of fresh-water 'end marine organisms
and specific habitat of brackish-water organisms 51

A. Types of brackish-water inhabitants 51

B. Holeuryhaline animals and plants 57

C. Behaviour of fresh-water animals and plants (limnobionts) towards brackish
water 62

D. Penetration of marine animals and plants into brackish water 87

E. Species confined to brackish water (Hyphalmyrobies) 98

a) Halophye species 99
b) Regional brackish-water species . 10l
c) Survey of the behaviour of specific brackish-water organisms 116
d) Origin of brackish-water species 117

IV. The biotopes in brackish water 118

A. Phytal zone (plant and animal epibiosis) "Aufwuchs" 118

1. Conditions of vegetation 118

2. Colonization of the phytal zone 125

3. Reef formation 125

B. Sandy floors 127

C. Unconsolidated sea floor 129

D. Plankton 132

V. Types of brackish water 133

A. Brackish-water seas 134

1. The Baltic 135

a) History 135
b) Hydrography 137
c) Biology 141

2. The Pontocaspian brackish seas 143

a) History 143
b) Hydrography 144
c) Faunal elements in the Pontocaspian brackish seas 147
d) Former brackish seas 155

B. Lagoons (Strandseen, Haffe, Etangs, Limane, Nor, Noore, Lake-Estuaries) 157

C. River mouths (estuaries) 168

D.Pools 171

E. Interstitial brackish water on the sea shore (coastal ground water) 175

References 180

Part II

Physiology of brackish water
(Physiological features of life in brackish water)

By Carl Schlieper

1. Introduction 211

2. Salinity ranges and osmotic resistance 212

3. Rate of activity and activity changes 229

4. Volume and regulation of volume 239

5. Osmotic concentration of the internal medium and osmoregulation 250

6. Ionic content and ionic regulation 264

7. Oxygen requirements and respiration 274

8. Permeability of the integument 297

9. Effects of temperature and temperature resistance 292

10. Ionic effects in balanced and non-balanced brackish water 306

11. The food cycle in brackish water 316

12. Tables of the ionic composition of sea and brackish water 322

References 322

To Part I and II

Subject Index 351

Index of Genera 353

Author Index 365