Original paper

Introduction: Strategies of aquatic propulsion

Reif, W.-E.

Abstract

Kinematic viscosity of water is 15 times and the density of water 830 times higher than the respective values for air. This leads to considerable differences in the modes of propulsion in air and in water for a given body size. Five different modes of aquatic propulsion can be distinguished. It is not clear in all cases whether one mode grades into another or whether a mode is marked off by sharp boundaries, which are determined by physical laws.

Keywords

kinematic viscosity • water density • aquatic propulsion • jet propulsion • undulation • rowing • paddling