Umschlagbild des Buches:  - MESSEL -   An Ancient Greenhouse Ecosystem

MESSEL - An Ancient Greenhouse Ecosystem

Ed.: Krister T. Smith; Stephan F. K. Schaal; Jörg Habersetzer

2018. XV, 355 pages, 393 figures, 2 tables, 21x28cm, 1780 g
Sprache: English

(Senckenberg Bücher, Nr. 80)

ISBN 978-3-510-61411-0, bound, Preis: 54.90 €

Auf Lager und sofort verfügbar

Bestellschein

BibTeX Datei

Schlagworte

eocene • ecosystem • maar lake • preservation • oil shale • bird • mammal • fish • insect • pollen • mammal • evolution

Inhalte

Synopsis nach oben ↑

Messel - An Ancient Greenhouse Ecosystem is an exquisitely illustrated book by 28 internationally renowned specialists who present a synopsis of the current state of understanding of the climate and structure of the Eocene Messel ecosystem.
The information is derived from studying the rocks, animal and plant fossils of the Messel pit. The Messel Pit represents an ancient maar lake situated in the archipelago that Europe was in the Eocene, close to present-day Frankfurt, Germany.
This title is also available in a German language version.

The exceptional state of preservation of Messel fossils has enabled researchers, in many cases for the first time, to identify minute functional details of the plants and animals of the Messel ecosystem about 48 Million years ago: plants, insects, birds, mammals (horses!), reptiles, amphibians and fishes.

Introductory chapters treat Messel, its formation as a maar lake, the conditions of burial and preservation of the fossils, and history of work since discovery of the first fossil there in 1876.

The Messel flora and individual fossils groups are discussed in detail in seven following chapters, discussing both paleontological and evolutionary details obtained from the Messel fossils and by comparison with other fossil locations.

A final chapter summarizes all previous research and presents a synopsis of ecosystem conditions (climatic, environmental, biota, producers and consumers, occupation of ecospaces, niches) of the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems at Messel, derived from studies of the Messel samples.

This hitherto most comprehensive treatment of the fossil Messel ecosystem will make this book the standard reference work on Messel to scientists, while the lush illustrations of flora and fauna will captivate everyone from fossil enthusiasts to interested laypersons.

Book Review: AASP-TPS Newsletter nach oben ↑

“Messel – An ancient greenhouse ecosystem” by Krister T. Smith, Stephan F.K. Schaal and Jörg Habersetzer (eds.), is a comprehensive popular-scientific book on the “results of the research conducted since the 1970s by biologists and geo-scientists on the unique fossils from the Messel oil shale deposits”. This reference work provides an exceptional perspective on the richness of the different fossil content of this UNESCO World Heritage site, fulfilling its purpose of disseminating the scientific importance of this area to other scientists and general society. The book was produced under the scientific support of the Senckenberg Nature Research Society and includes 13 chapters written by 28 well-established researchers.
The first chapters start with an emphasis on the history of the site, followed by an explanation on the geology of the area, the paleoclimates that persisted during the Eocene, the methodologies used for extraction, preparation and study of the fossils, and the particular physical features that make this location an outstanding fossiliferous area. The succeeding chapters offer information on all the different faunal (vertebrate and invertebrate) and floral fossil groups found in this area since 1975. A brief explanation of each group biology, classification, living habitats, evolution, and distribution through time is made, and an integrated view of the preceding chapters with the description of the Messel ecosystem is included in the last chapter.
More than 390 figures and extraordinarily high-quality photographs and illustrations are included in this volume, revealing the exceptional preservation of its fossils and confirming the outstanding value of this area has one of the richest sites in the world to the understanding of the Eocene ecosystem (“Messel counts among the world’s most important fossil sites. Sites of this kind allow deep insights into the evolutionary history of life…”, page 25). The book offers an insight into the current scientific knowledge of this area, is based on an extensive list of scientific publications, which includes the most recent papers published in scientific international journals with high impact factor. References to these publications are made throughout the text, guiding the readers to seek more information if interested. Also, additional information boxes are included to introduce main scientific concepts, allowing a better understanding of the text body.
There are some down points including its length and the scientific language used that in some chapters lacks a more didactic approach, becoming difficult to understand by a fossil enthusiast or a layperson (“The edge areas show an increasing extent of slippage structures (Pirrung 1998) that indicate settling phenomena of the underlying diatreme and the hardening (diagenesis) of the black pelites themselves.”, page 10). Also, it misses an opportunity to explore and promote in more detail all the work that is currently being done in the Hessian State Museum, as well as in the visitor and information center at the Messel Pit. Despite its few weaknesses, this extensive work is recommended as a high-quality scientific work, important to the understanding of the significant paleontological research which has been done at Messel, and that has greatly contributed to our knowledge of evolutionary history, ancient ecosystems and paleoclimates.

Gilda Lopes

American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists
AASP-TPS Newsletter

Book Review: Zentralbl. f. Geol. u. Pal. Teil II, 2018, 3/4 nach oben ↑

The Messel Pit Fossil Site is internationally recognized by palaeontologists as one of the most important Cenozoic conservation lagerstätten. After more than fourty years of scientific excavations and twenty-five years after the Department of Messel Research was established at the Senckenberg Research Institute in Frankfurt am Main, the second Messel book by Senckenberg is now available in German and English, addressing scientists and laymen. The editors and authors are 28 renowned Messel researchers from Germany, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Argentina, Ecuador and the US presenting the current state of research of the Messel conservation lagerstätte and its fossil findings with informative explanations and excellent photos and graphics.
A brief introductory historical outline, including the geological history, highlights at the beginning the eventful history of the Messel Pit Fossil Site from the formation in the Eocene Epoch, about 48 million years ago, and discovery of oil shale in the 18th century, the first fossil discovery in the 19th century, and past and present excavation and research activities to its final recognition as UNESCO World Heritage in 1995 as well as its future palaeontological importance. The following chapter elucidates the formation of the Messel Maar and the filling of the crater with lake deposits to provide the reader with the information on the geological setting and to set the scene for lakes and lake deposits as unique terrestrial climate archives, as documented by the Messel fossil site. How the Messel burial community formed, the different taphonomic processes, the exceptional soft body and colour preservation, and actualistic experiments showing the disarticulation of organisms buried in a lake setting, as well as possible causes of death are discussed next.
Then, the different steps of Messel research including excavation, conservation and preparation as well as microscopic and computed tomographic analyses to understand the evolutionary origin of species, and the mathematical recording of species diversity are explained. The following chapters illustrate the diverse fossil findings, starting with the fossil flora and its unusual intact preservation as documented by selected photographs, emphasising the Eocene greenhouse ecosystem and its characteristic vegetation – a paratropical forest. The Eocene fauna is renowned for its exceptional preservation and many findings including inverte- brates such as insects, and vertebrates including fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals show colour and soft body preservation making this fossil site so unique. Insects constitute by far the most common animals in the Messel Pit and Senckenberg owns the most extensive collection of insects from Messel, which is housed in the Messel Pit Research Station and currently encompasses almost 17,000 specimens. Fishes constitute the majority of the vertebrates from Messel and are represented by eight genera and species. In certain layers, they make up 80 % of all fossil specimens. Amphibians are rare findings with only three frog species recorded and two salamanders representing two different species from one genus being unearthed to date. The rare fossil record of Messel amphibians may be related to taphonomic filters. Among the terrestrial vertebrates in Messel, birds represent the majority of all fossil specimens with approximately 70 different species distinguished to date, although not all of them have been scientifically described yet. Many of the bird species were documented for the first time in Messel, and several are still only known from this site. The oldest nectarivorous bird Pumiliornis was found in the Messel Pit. Historically, crocodiles represent the oldest fossil findings from Messel representing aquatic reptiles. The first fossil crocodylian was recovered from the oil shale in 1875, and the discovery was described shortly afterwards in 1877. Also today, Messel plays a crucial role in the research of crocodyliforms, since seven species have been found there, more than at any other Cenozoic site in the Northern Hemisphere and Messel is the only site preserving all of the primary lineages known from continental Europe during the Eocene. However, the most famous findings, also known to the layman by spectacular media reports, are the mammals. The most prominent findings are beyond doubt the famous Messel horses and the primate Ida (Darwinius masillae) – indeed a rarity in Messel and thus presented in a separate chapter. However, the success story of mammals after the extinction of dinosaurs is well documented with numerous groups, including marsupials, hedgehogs, bats, rodents, even- and odd-toed hoofed mammals as well as rare findings of primates. Especially, the early evolution of placental mammals is well documented in Messel. However, a huge challenge is the inclusion of certain extinct species into the phylogeny, sometimes even when the fossils are of exceptional quality. Here, the future might lie in the use of fossil proteins.
Finally, the Messel ecosystem, its aquatic and terrestrial species diversity, is presented in spectacular reconstructions and contrasted with modern maar lakes, highlighting the importance of the study of ancient greenhouse ecosystems in the context of the recent discussion of global change.
An extensive bibliography and a list of the authors complete the book. The selection of photographs is superb. Each chapter starts with a brief general introduction and in the text, grey boxes with additional information are used to inform the reader not familiar with all scientific details, to follow the descriptions and discussion.
The English edition is a direct translation of the German book and thus, for the first time, provides a world-wide readership with up-to-date, first-hand informa- tion on the uniqueness of the Messel findings.
In summary, the new Messel book is an exciting reading for both scientists and laymen, and deserves a broad international readership. Happy reading!

Annette E. Götz, University of Portsmouth

Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie Teil II, 2018, 3/4

Book Review: TwilightBeasts@gmail.com, posted on May 24, 2019 nach oben ↑

I love fossils. How can you not? The preserved remains of organisms no longer here. A glimpse into life so far back in time we can’t even begin to contemplate its vastness. Evidence that this was a real creature. Alive. Moving. Breathing. They really are incredible. What is even more incredible is that it’s extremely rare to become a fossil. An animal needs just the right conditions: to be quickly buried so no scavengers to pull apart their bodies, and fine sediment lacking oxygen so there are no worms or other critters in the mud to munch away at them.
Some scientists suggest that 99.9% of all organisms that have lived on Earth in the last 3 billion years have not fossilised. That’s an enormous number of animals and plants that have lived at some time in the past. What we see in museums is just a tiny fraction of life that was once here.
There are some fossil sites that give extraordinary views into the past. The Burgess Shale in Canada and Quingjiang site in China, preserve dozens of animals that swam in the seas when large life really began 540 million years ago. Rancho La Brea, in California provides a snapshot of the Late Pleistocene life in and around Hollywood. China is discovering beautifully preserved dinosaurs, lots with their feathers still showing. There is one fossil site that I remember seeing brought alive by David Attenborough’s Lost World series: the Messel Pits in Germany.
I was delighted to receive a new book all about Messel to review. When I tore open the padded brown envelope, I carefully pulled out the book, and flicked through the pages. I actually gasped. It was beautiful.
Edited by Krister Smith, Stephan Schaal and Jörg Harbersetzer, Messel: An Ancient Greenhouse Ecosystem is dedicated to the Messel Pits. These editors are all specialists who have worked for decades at the Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum in Frankfurt. The chapters are all written by experts from across the world, who are all leaders in their field in their certain topics. (It was a little disappointing to see that only 5 collaborators out of 28 were women. A better balance would have been nice to see.)
It’s split into easy chapters, about the site, the ecosystem, and the animals they have found. The title of the book, Messel: An Ancient Greenhouse Ecosystem, gives it away that it’s not really a book written for the general public. The text needs a lot of background knowledge, sentences are pretty long, and it’s not that welcoming to the non-expert. It’s not a popular science book. It’s not a quick-reference guide. And actually, that’s okay. Because it is a beautiful book. The non-expert can still learn a lot from it.
The Messel Pits are a pretty spectacular site. Near the little village of Messel in Germany, oil shale deposits have been mined since the 18th century. The first fossils were found in the late 1800s, and since then thousands have been excavated. Messel Fossil Pit became a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1995. And with very good reason. The fossils here are exceptional. They are so well preserved, the soft parts can be seen. Hair can be seen. Even the wings of flies can be seen.
Around 48 million years ago, collapsed volcanic craters formed deep lakes in the Messel area. Over around a million years the lakes filled up with sediments. These sediments are packed with incredibly preserved fossils. So well preserved because the sediment was very fine, and the bottom of the lake was deep enough that there was no oxygen, so there were not many animals living there to eat up any dead animals that fell down there. There are not just fossils of freshwater animals like fish and turtles, but lots of land animals too, from insects to monkeys. With so many land and water animals being found in the sediments, it looks like the collapsed volcanoes were still a little active, and their rumbling insides released gas (like carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide), which suffocated the animals.
I love how the book chapters take you through the different groups of animals and plants that have been found. Not only are the photos of the fossils some of the sexiest photos you will ever see, but they show you how incredibly rich life was here 48 million years ago. The insects are spectacular. With images and detail, we discover giant ants, weird flies, and stunning jewel beetles. The reptiles are unreal, with exquisite detail of their skeletons. And the mammals are just spectacular, clearly showing the outline of the fur. Even if you just got the book for the photos of these remarkable creatures, it would be more than worth it.
The book isn’t a coffee table book full of beautiful photos. It brings together all the research from the study of the incredible finds. The history, the delicate, painstaking preparation of the fossils, the most up to date discoveries are all included in this book. X-rays, 3D scans, reconstructions all help to place these extinct creatures on the tree of life.
All the amazing fossils that have been found here show us what life was like here 48 million years ago. It was an incredibly rich ecosystem. In the forests alongside the lakes, there were early horses, giant ants, crocodiles, snakes, bats, monkeys and so many more species. It was an environment as rich as a tropical rainforest is today. This unique site lets us look in unbelievable detail at what life was like here 48 million years ago. This book gives so much detail about life here, you can’t help but be transported back in time.

Written by Jan Freedman (@JanFreedman)

TwilightBeasts@gmail.com
Posted on May 24, 2019

TwilightBeasts@gmail.com

Book Review: Paleontological Journal 2019, No 4, с. 109–110 nach oben ↑

Данная коллективная монография, выполненная международным коллективом палеонтологов и геологов под руководством специалистов из Зенкенбергского исследовательского института и Музея естественной истории во Франкфурте-на-Майне, представляет собой попытку суммировать и донести до самой широкой академической аудитории накопленный к настоящему времени объем знаний о древней экосистеме местонахождения Мессель в Западной Германии. Мессель – эоценовое местонахождение, сформировавшееся в мааре (плоскодонном вулканическом кратере, окруженном невысоким валом) примерно 48 млн л. н. Во время формирования мессельских отложений маар был заполнен водой и, таким образом, представлял собой озеро, а окружающая местность была покрыта т.н. “паратропическими” лесами, в которых жили животные, родственники которых сейчас населяют преимущественно тропические или субтропические регионы Южной Америки, Африки и Австралазии. Изучение обитателей этого эоценового озера имеет большое научное значение, поскольку многие из них – древнейшие или одни из древнейших представителей отдельных эволюционных линий. Некоторые таксоны из Месселя (например, ряд млекопитающих, часть птиц) очень примитивны и не имеют известных родственников ни в современной фауне, ни в ископаемой. Необычное морфологическое строение этих представителей эоценовой фауны (например, кажущиеся зачастую “несочетаемыми” сочетания признаков) проливает свет на детали становления других, эволюционно более продвинутых групп, в том числе многих современных семейств, а порой и отрядов, позвоночных животных.
Первое палеонтологическое открытие в Месселе (находка остатков ископаемого крокодила) было сделано в 1875 г., и с тех пор местонахождение активно изучается. Десятки тысяч находок, сделанные здесь за последние 143 года, характеризуются не только внушительным таксономическим разнообразием, но также и прекрасной сохранностью – это очень часто крупные фрагменты или целые скелеты животных, во многих случаях с остатками мягких тканей. Благодаря этому местонахождение Мессель предоставляет уникальную возможность получить представления о животном и растительном мире тропической Европы в конце раннего эоцена. Научная ценность Месселя настолько велика, что по праву составляет также ценность и общечеловеческую – в 1995 г. местонахождение было включено в список Всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО.
Книга прекрасно издана и богато проиллюстрирована, за счет чего удачно сочетает черты как справочного руководства, так и фотоатласа. Важной особенностью издания является попытка донести специальную информацию до достаточно широкого круга читателей – это, несомненно, большое достоинство, позволяющее аудитории оценить действительную научную значимость мессельских находок. В результате этого неподготовленный читатель может достаточно легко окунуться в проблематику как раннекайнозойской радиации млекопитающих и птиц, так и методов палеоклиматических реконструкций. Многие группы животных так хорошо представлены в фауне Месселя, что обзоры, содержащиеся в этой книге, могут служить своего рода учебным пособием по введению в палеонтологию. Авторов отдельных глав объединяет филогенетический подход, в результате чего особое внимание в тексте уделяется родственным связям тех или иных ископаемых животных; для каждой группы приведены упрощенные и поэтому легко читаемые филогенетические деревья, на которых отмечены таксоны, присутствующие в фауне Месселя. К сожалению, в книге отсутствует список (или списки) определимых или описанных из местонахождения форм, и по каждой группе его придется составлять самостоятельно – правда, для этого более чем достаточно приведенного текста. Осмелюсь предположить, что редакторы могли сознательно не включать в книгу список таксонов, чтобы читатели не ограничивались им, но каждый раз погружались в искусно написанные разделы по соответствующим группам.
Формально книга содержит 13 глав, очень неравноценных по объему: так, первая глава, посвященная истории местонахождения, занимает всего пять страниц, в то время как глава по млекопитающим – 85 страниц иллюстрированного текста. В целом, первые пять глав книги составляют единый блок и имеют цель познакомить читателя с местонахождением. Вторая глава посвящена формированию мессельского маара и стратиграфии местонахождения; небольшая третья глава – палеоклиматическим реконструкциям, четвертая – тафономии; пятая – методологическим аспектам работы с палеонтологическим материалом из Месселя. Что касается тафономии местонахождения, то, к сожалению, в этой области больше вопросов, чем определенных ответов. Шестая глава посвящена ископаемой мессельской флоре и в целом выглядит менее подробной по сравнению с разделами, посвященными животным. Большая (38 стр.) глава по беспозвоночным следует за ней и вводит читателя в удивительный мир преимущественно тропических насекомых.
Необычайно разнообразны в Месселе позвоночные; им посвящено более половины объема книги. В некоторых слоях рыбы составляют до номическое разнообразие невелико – всего пять видов; такая же небольшая и глава о рыбах в книге, семь страниц. Амфибиям посвящена небольшая девятая глава: из Месселя известно три вида бесхвостых амфибий (многочисленные наземные и водные лягушки), но за всю историю изучения найдено всего два экземпляра хвостатых, что достаточно необычно, учитывая значительную роль последних во многих экосистемах. Десятая глава посвящена рептилиям и разбита на три подглавы: про чешуйчатых, черепах и крокодилов. Чешуйчатые (ящерицы и змеи) хорошо представлены в Месселе, известно 19 видов и ожидается, что их может быть значительно больше. Четыре вида мессельских черепах относятся к разным семействам – все это пресноводные обитатели. Мессельские крокодилы разнообразны и относятся к семи видам, представляющим основные эоценовые континентальные клады этой группы рептилий.
Одна из наиболее разнообразных групп позвоночных в Месселе – птицы. Остатки птиц чаще других встречаются в местонахождении, и только коллекция Зенкенбергского института насчитывает около 1000 скелетных остатков. Птицам посвящена бо́ льшая по объему 11 глава книги, более 40 страниц. Около 70 видов птиц, известных из Месселя, представляют практически все известное разнообразие континентальных авифаун: от нелетающих гигантских Gastornithidae и похожих на тинаму палеогнат Lithornithidae до мелких лесных форм, которые очень разнообразны на местонахождении (трогоны, птицы-мыши, удоды, ракшеобразные). Богато представлены в Месселе воздушные охотники – родственники современных стрижей и козодоев. Настоящие попугаи и воробьеобразные в Месселе отсутствуют – вероятно, их в это время еще не было в Европе, – но зато здесь хорошо представлены их отдаленные родственники. Для воробьеобразных это очень своеобразная группа Zygodactylidae, сочетающая в целом обычную для певчих птиц анатомию с зигодактильной стопой – как у попугаев, которые сейчас считаются ближайшими современными родственниками воробьеобразных. Глава о птицах заканчивается детальным обзором биогеографических связей мессельских таксонов, а также обсуждением птиц в контексте тропических авифаун в целом. Чтобы читателю не показалось, что про птиц из Месселя уже известно все, в конце главы приведен специальный раздел (более двух страниц), озаглавленный “что остается открыть”.
Очень большая 12 глава книги посвящена млекопитающим. Она разбита на несколько подглав по отдельным систематическим группам. Первая посвящена сумчатым, которые в Месселе представлены всего несколькими находками опоссумов из вымершего семейства Herpetotheriidae и стволовым таксоном Paradectes. Следующая подглава описывает четыре очень архаичных таксона млекопитающих, не относящихся ни к одной из крупных филогенетических линий современных плацентарных, но при этом экологически сильно специализированных: бипедальный Leptictidium, рыбоядный Buxolestes, древолазающий Kopidodon и длиннопалый древесный Heterohyus. Последующие подглавы посвящены ежам Amphilemuridae (с иглами и без), приматам Adapiformes, рукокрылым, грызунам (Gliridae и Ischyromyidae), хищным, парнокопытным и непарнокопытным (в том числе древним лошадям). Рукокрылые в Месселе необычайно хорошо представлены сотнями прекрасно сохранившихся скелетов, что в целом представляет собой тафономическую загадку. Соответствующая глава отводит особое внимание реконструкции способности к эхолокации у эоценовых рукокрылых и ее эволюции в отряде. Завершает монографию коллективная глава, всецело посвященная реконструкции экологических взаимодействий и связей в районе древнего озера.
В целом, книга оставляет впечатление добротно выполненной коллективной работы, объединенной единым редакторским и авторским подходом. Обширный список цитируемой литературы позволит заинтересованному читателю без труда углубиться в палеонтологию Месселя и палеогена в целом. Монографию можно рекомендовать профессиональным биологам и палеонтологам, а также всем интересующимся историей жизни на Земле.

Палеонтологический институт, им. А.А. Борисяка РАН, Н. В. Зеленков

Nikita Zelenkov, PhD Cabinet of Paleornithology Borissiak Paleontological Institute Russian Academy of Sciences Profsoyuznaya, Moscow

ПАЛЕОНТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ, 2019, No 4, с. 109–110

The Quarterly Review of Biology Vol. 94/No. 4 (Dec. 2019) nach oben ↑

Immerse yourself into a 48-million-year-old lake. The Messel Pit Fossil Site in Hesse, Germany, has been studied for decades and is well recognized for its paleontological and geological significance. This edited volume with contributions from 28 authors is a delightful, thorough account of the Messel lagerstätte and is well organized by the editors.
The book begins by laying a basic geologic foundation describing the origins of the maar, which is a short-lived and rare occurrence in modern ecosystems. The authors convey a clear timeline of scientific and historical events surrounding the Messel quarry over the past several decades. The following three chapters explain paleontological techniques, concepts, and theories. Readers with limited understanding of taphonomy, paleoclimate, taxonomy, and phylogeny will enjoy the clear explanations, which are referenced throughout the book. Although experts will not get much out of these early chapters, they may be able to learn methods or verbiage for how to explain these poorly understood theories in science communication to the public. Subsequent chapters each center on a broad taxonomic classification (e.g., flora, invertebrates, actinopterygians, mammals) and are written by specialists in those particular areas. Most chapters provide a comprehensive description of the fossils known from Messel, including clear and detailed photographs of representative specimens. These chapters are more technically written than the introductory chapters, which may cause some readers to reference back to those early pages for clarification. Unless one is familiar with taxonomic terms and groupings regularly used within particular taxa, the descriptions can seem daunting but are ultimately necessary to understand the complexity of the Messel. The editors seemingly went to great lengths to keep readers clear on concepts and scientific terminology. Each chapter highlights particular phenomena associated with specific taxa/topics by offering an explanation in highlighted boxes (e.g., Milankovitch cycles, macrostomy, autotomy). The book concludes by describing the Messel ecosystem and the niches within, which are suitably integrated the earlier chapters.
If there was one complaint I have with this volume, it is the unevenness of the information presented among the chapters. Some chapters (e.g., mammals and birds) are meticulously researched and described. The chapter on mammals even has subchapters. Other chapters (e.g., actinopterygians) mention the taxa, but do not truly discuss the broader meaning of these taxa within or beyond the Messel. This does reflect the ample diversity of birds and mammals (over that of fishes) and highlights that unique aspect of the Messel site; however, I would have liked to have seen the same amount of attention with other taxa.
This Messel compilation is a solid addition to any library, especially for the reasonable price, size, and high-quality images. The most appropriate audience would be students and anyone with an interest in paleontology who are not afraid to trudge through the heavy, taxonomy specific sections in each chapter. Professionals could benefit having this book in their collections as a reference and to marvel at the striking pictures.

Summer A. Ostrowski, Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, Wisconsin

The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 94, Number 4 (December 2019)

Book Review: Jahreszeitschr. d. Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstätt Nr. 36 (2020) nach oben ↑

Großformatige, reichhaltig sowie prächtig bebilderte und von renommierten Wissenschaftlern verfasste Bild- und Textbände über die Weltnaturerbe-Fossillagerstätte Grube Messel wurden im „ARCHAEOPTERYX“ schon verschiedentlich vorgestellt, erinnert sei an „Messel - Ein Schaufenster in die Geschichte der Erde und des Lebens“ (1988) oder an „Messel – Ein Pompeji der Paläontologie“ (1998). Doch die Messelforschung schreitet mit erstaunlicher Geschwindigkeit vorwärts und eine große Anzahl wissenschaftlicher Publikationen deutscher und internationaler Messelforscher erbrachte in den letzten Jahrzehnten teils erstaunliche Forschungsergebnisse, die in der neuen Publikation vorgestellt werden. Beigetragen dazu haben nicht zuletzt neu in der Paläontologie etablierte Methoden, wie die 3D- Computertomographie zur zerstörungsfreien Analyse von Knochenstrukturen. Besonders beeindruckend ist auch die große Anzahl neuer Taxa aus dem ehemaligen tertiären Maarsee von Messel, die in Text und Bild eindrucksvoll vorgestellt werden.
28 international renommierte Spezialisten aus verschiedenen Forschungsdisziplinen bringen in dieser umfangreichen Dokumentation eine Zusammenfassung des gegenwärtigen wissenschaftlichen Standes zum ehemaligen Klima, zur Struktur des eozänen Ökosystems, zu den Sedimenten des Maarsees und seiner Entstehung sowie zu der geradezu überwältigenden Fülle an erhaltenen Überresten von Pflanzen, Wirbellosen und Wirbeltieren. Aufschlussreiche Grafiken, Lebensraumrekonstruktionen und eine Vielzahl ausgezeichneter Fotografien, alles in hervorragender Druckqualität, illustrieren die Textabschnitte. Diese genügen durchwegs wissenschaftlichen Ansprüchen, sind aber dabei immer noch sehr gut lesbar, ja bisweilen sogar ausgesprochen spannend.
Natürlich wird auch in dieser Publikation die Geschichte der Entdeckung und Erforschung der Messelfossilien, die bis ins Jahr 1876 zurückreicht, nicht ausgespart. Nach der Zeit des industriellen Ölschieferabbaus waren ab den 1970er Jahren sehr große Anstrengungen seitens von Bürgerinitiativen, Wissenschaftlern, Sammlern und einer für paläontologische Belange zunehmend aufgeschlossenen Öffentlichkeit erforderlich, bis eine in der Grube geplante Mülldeponie aufgegeben und die Grube Messel 1995 als geschützte Fossillagerstätte in die World Heritage List der UNESCO aufgenommen wurde. Die beiden folgenden Kapitel behandeln die Entstehung des Messel-Maares vor etwa 48 Millionen Jahren und befassen sich mit dem Paläoklima. Hierbei wird klar, dass der Messeler Ölschiefer ein einmaliges eozänes Klimaarchiv darstellt und ein tropisch/subtropisches Treibhausklima dokumentiert, mit hohen Niederschlägen und Jahresmitteltemperaturen von etwa 18–20 ° C. Inzwischen ist es möglich, anhand der Sedimentfolgen sehr geringe Zeitintervalle aufzulösen und darin Klimaschwankungen nachzuweisen, die auch in dem relativ ausgeglichenen Messeler Treibhausklima Auswirkungen auf die Vegetation hatten. Berechtigterweise titelt dieses Kapitel mit „Paläoklima – aus der Vergangenheit für die Zukunft lernen“. Die nächsten Kapitel behandeln die Messeler Grabgemeinschaft und die bisweilen exzellente Fossilerhaltung einschließlich der Überlieferung von Farbmustern sowie Untersuchungs- und Präparationsverfahren an Messel-Fossilien.
Im Hauptteil des Buches werden in sieben Kapiteln die Messel-Flora und einzelne Tiergruppen wie Insekten, Fische, Amphibien, Reptilien, Vögel und Säugetiere sehr detailreich vorgestellt und exzellent fotografisch dokumentiert. Insbesondere bei den Echsen, den teils mit Befiederung überlieferten Vögeln und manchen „mit Haut und Haar“ erhaltenen Säugetieren fällt die große Artenvielfalt und Formenfülle auf. Allein die Betrachtung der Fotos ist schon für jeden naturwissenschaftlich Interessierten, insbesondere aber für Fossilienfreunde, ein Hochgenuss.
Das abschließende Kapitel geht ein auf das Ökosystem Messel, beschreibt die damaligen terrestrischen und aquatischen Bedingungen und vergleicht sie mit heutigen Maarseen. Außerdem befasst es sich mit möglichen Ursachen für die große Artenvielfalt der Fossillagerstätte Messel. Klar wird aber auch, dass trotz der beeindruckenden Daten und Ergebnisse noch lange kein Schlussstrich gesetzt werden kann: Es besteht durchaus noch Forschungsbedarf und die Grube Messel wird noch für Generationen von Wissenschaftlern ein ergiebiges Forschungsfeld darstellen.
Das Literaturverzeichnis ist ausgesprochen umfangreich, wobei die zitierte Literatur den einzelnen Kapiteln zugeordnet ist. Eine Autorenliste mit Fotos macht mit den Vertretern der jeweiligen Forschungsdisziplinen bekannt. Insgesamt lässt „Messel – Ein fossiles Tropenökosystem“ nichts zu wünschen übrig und kann sowohl Wissenschaftlern als auch Laien vorbehaltlos empfohlen werden. Angesichts der hervorragenden Ausstattung ist der Preis erstaunlich günstig.
Die Grube Messel zählt ähnlich wie Solnhofen, Holzmaden oder Bundenbach (um nur einige zu nennen) zu den herausragenden Fossillagerstätten Deutschlands, die weltweit von großer Bedeutung sind. Insofern ist es voll berechtigt, ihre Einzigartigkeit auch einem weltweiten Leserkreis nahe zu bringen. Dem wurde mit einer englischsprachigen Ausgabe Rechnung getragen, die bezüglich Seitenzahl und Abbildungen identisch mit der deutschen Ausgabe ist.

Helmut Tischlinger

Jahreszeitschrift der Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstätt Nr. 36 (2020), seite 82-83

Table of contents nach oben ↑

Krister T. Smith, Stephan F. K. Schaal, Jörg Habersetzer (Eds)
MESSEL – An Ancient Greenhouse Ecosystem

Content
Dedication V
Forewords VII
Preface X
Chapter 1 Messel – Eventful Past, Exciting Future 1
Chapter 2 The Formation of the Messel Maar 7
The volcano and the maar at Messel 8
The Middle Messel Formation with oil shale 9
Sand and ash: the Lower Messel Formation 11
What did the Messel Maar look like? 12
The crater’s history 13
Chapter 3 Paleoclimate – Learning from the Past for the Future 17
Pollen and spores – A means for documenting climate fluctuations 18
Varves – “Annual rings” in the lake sediment 20
The oil shale – A unique Eocene climate archive 21
Chapter 4 Joined in Death – the Burial Community of Messel 25
Distortion in the course of time 26
The mystery of the bats 28
Fossil color preservation 30
Cause of death: Unknown 32
Chapter 5 Messel Research – Methods and Concepts 35
Excavation, conservation, preparation 35
Examination by means of X-ray techniques and electron microscopy 37
Taxonomy and Phylogeny 38
Species diversity, viewed mathematically 40
Chapter 6 The Fossil Flora of Messel 43
History of study 43
The state of preservation of plant remnants 46
Systematics of the flora 48
Algae, mosses, ferns 48
Gymnosperms 50
Primitive flowering plants or basal angiosperms 51
Monocotyledonous flowering plants or monocots 52
Higher flowering plants or eudicotyledons 54
The vegetation surrounding the maar lake 59
Chapter 7 Jewels in the Oil Shale – Insects and Other Invertebrates 63
Sponges (Porifera) 64
Paleobiogeography and paleoenvironment 65
Mollusks (Mollusca) 65
Mystery snails (Viviparidae) 66
Ramshorn snails (Planorbidae) 66
Arthropods (Arthropoda) 66
Spiders (Araneae) 67
Harvestmen (Opiliones) 69
Crustaceans (Crustacea) 69
Water fleas (Cladocera) 69
Seed shrimp (Ostracoda) 69
Decapods (Decapoda) 69
Insects (Insecta, Hexapoda) 70
Abundance of the different insect groups in Messel 71
Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) 72
Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) 72
Stoneflies (Plecoptera) 72
Earwigs (Dermaptera) 73
Grasshoppers, crickets and katydids (Orthoptera) 74
Stick insects (Phasmatodea) 74
Cockroaches and termites (Blattodea) 75
Thrips (Thysanoptera) 76
Cicadas and “hoppers” (Auchenorrhyncha) 76
Plant lice, scale insects and whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha) 76
True bugs (Heteroptera) 77
Hymenopterans (Hymenoptera): Sawflies and parasites 79
Hymenopterans (Hymenoptera): Bees and wasps 82
Hymenopterans (Hymenoptera): Ants 84
Net-winged insects (Neuroptera) 88
Twisted-wing parasites (Strepsiptera) 89
Beetles (Coleoptera): Primitive groups 90
Beetles (Coleoptera): Rove beetles, water dwellers and other handsome beetles 91
Beetles (Coleoptera): Various plant eaters 95
Caddisflies (Trichoptera) 97
Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) 99
Flies (Diptera) 100
Scorpionflies (Mecoptera) 101
Paleobiogeography of the insects in Messel 101
Chapter 8 Actinopterygians – the Fishes of the Messel Lake 105
Range of species 105
Paleobiology 109
Paleogeography 110
Chapter 9 Amphibians in Messel – in the Water and on Land 113
Frog fauna 113
Terrestrial: Eopelobates wagneri 113
Aquatic: Palaeobatrachus tobieni 114
Lutetiobatrachus gracilis, an almost blank canvas 117
Salamanders 117
Chapter 10 Amniotes – Mammals, Birds and Reptiles 121
Chapter 10.1 Lizards and Snakes – Warmth-loving Sunbathers 123
The Messel gecko 123
Ornatocephalus 124
Lacertiformes: the early success 125
Iguanidae: Immigrants from the New World 132
Creepers in the underbrush 134
Eurheloderma: an early Gila Monster 136
The semi-aquatic shinisaurs 138
Necrosaurs: the “death lizards” 139
Small and large boas 140
Palaeopython 144
The squamate community 145
Chapter 10.2 Turtles – Armored Survivalists 149
Palaeoemys messeliana 151
Neochelys franzeni 153
Allaeochelys crassesculpta 154
Palaeoamyda messeliana 154
Chapter 10.3 Crocodyliforms – Large-bodied Carnivores 159
Diplocynodon darwini 159
Diplocynodon deponiae 160
Hassiacosuchus haupti 160
Asiatosuchus germanicus 164
Tomistominae – Gharials in Europe 164
Boverisuchus – the “hoofed” crocodyliform 165
Bergisuchus – a southern immigrant 166
The crocodyliform community 167
Chapter 11 Birds – the Most Species-rich Vertebrate Group in Messel 169
Large ratites and other terrestrial species 170
The palaeognathous birds in the Messel forest 171
Gastornithidae 174
The gallinaceous bird Paraortygoides 174
Seriemas 174
Strigogyps 176
The Messel rail 177
Bird life at water’s edge 181
The aerial insect hunters 182
Nightjars and allies 182
Swifts and early relatives of the hummingbirds 185
Scaniacypselus 186
Parargornis 187
The arboreal birds of the Messel forest 188
Mousebird diversity 190
Parrots and passerines 194
Surprising relationships 195
Trogons and Coraciiformes 199
Trogons 199
The Messel hoopoes 200
Rollers 200
A kingfisher relative 203
Several mystery birds 204
Biogeographic connections 206
Messel birds and tropical avifaunas 209
What remains to be discovered 211
Chapter 12 Mammalia – Another Success Story 215
Chapter 12.1 Marsupials – a Surprise in Messel 217
Anatomy and morphology 217
Paleoecology 219
Evolution and biogeography of the marsupials from Messel 221
Chapter 12.2 Four Archaic Yet Highly Specialized Mammals 223
The remarkable adaptations of Leptictidium 224
The piscivore Buxolestes 227
The tree- climbing Kopidodon macrognathus 229
The long-fingered Heterohyus nanus 231
Paleobiogeography 232
Chapter 12.3 With and Without Spines – the Hedgehog Kindred from Messel 235
A fish-loving hedgehog 236
Macrocranion tenerum: the smallest lipotyphlan from Messel 237
A spiny, strong-headed, and scaly-tailed hedgehog 238
Paleobiogeography and Paleoenvironment 239
Chapter 12.4 Primates – Rarities in Messel 241
The first discoveries 242
Ida, the little diva of Messel 244
Further discoveries 246
Chapter 12.5 Bats – Highly Specialized Nocturnal Hunters with Echolocation 249
The bats at the Messel Lake 249
Wing shapes and hunting modes 250
Stomach contents 251
What the cochlea reveals 254
The evolution of echolocation 257
Summary of Eocene bats worldwide 261
Chapter 12.6 Rodents – Gnawing Their Way to Success 263
Systematics 263
The large leaf-eater Ailuravus 265
The short-legged climber Masillamys 266
Hartenbergeromys: a still enigmatic rodent 267
Eogliravus: The oldest dormouse 267
Paleobiogeography and paleoenvironment 268
Chapter 12.7 Ferae – Animals that Eat Animals 271
Systematics of Carnivoraformes and Pholidotamorpha 271
Lesmesodon: the Messel hyaenodontan 272
Paroodectes feisti: an agile climber 274
Messelogale kessleri: a small predator 276
Eomanis waldi: the oldest pangolin 277
Euromanis krebsi: the headless anteater 279
Eurotamandua joresi: a doubtful South American 281
Paleogeography 283
Chapter 12.8 The Advent of Even-toed Hoofed Mammals 285
Messelobunodon: a primitive even-toed ungulate 285
Aumelasia: a cousin from France 287
Eurodexis: the smallest artiodactyl from Messel 288
Masillabune: a robust browser 289
Paleobiogeography and Paleoenvironment 290
Chapter 12.9 Odd-toed Ungulates – Early Horses and Tapiromorphs 293
The early horses (Equoidea) 293
The life of the early horses 295
From leaf browser to grass eater 298
The tapir-like animals (Tapiromorpha) 299
Chapter 13 The Messel Ecosystem 303
Topography and lake chemistry 303
The aquatic ecosystem 305
The shore and possible tributaries 305
The terrestrial ecosystem 309
Reasons for the great species diversity in Messel 309
The role of niches 311
Future prospects 313
References 315
List of Authors 339
Index 343
Acknowledgments and Image Credits 349