Original paper
Thiamethoxam, bifenthrin, and flonicamid resistance in Schizaphis graminum and associated fitness costs
Gul, Hina; ul Haq, Ihsan; Ullah, Farman; Güncan, Ali; Desneux, Nicolas; Liu, Xiaoxia
Entomologia Generalis Volume 43 Number 3 (2023), p. 575 - 586
published: Sep 6, 2023
published online: Aug 9, 2023
manuscript accepted: Jun 22, 2023
final revised version received: Jun 19, 2023
manuscript revision requested: Mar 25, 2023
manuscript received: Feb 15, 2023
DOI: 10.1127/entomologia/2023/2010
ArtNo. ESP146004303009, Price: 29.00 €
Abstract
The green bug, Schizaphis graminum Rondani (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a major pest of wheat plants through direct feeding and indirectly by transmitting several viruses around the world. Insecticides including thiamethoxam, bifenthrin, and flonicamid, are widely used to control this pest. However, indiscriminate chemical applications cause resistance in several insect pests, including aphids. In the current study, we investigated the evolution of thiamethoxam, bifenthrin, and flonicamid resistance in S. graminum after continuous selection pressure. Furthermore, we assessed the fitness of all resistant strains compared to susceptible strains using the age-stage, two-sex life table method. Thiamethoxam, bifenthrin, and flonicamid-resistant strains were evolved with 38.57, 28.67, and 21.31-fold resistance after selection for over ten generations. Life table analysis showed that all resistant strains had significantly reduced adult longevity, fecundity, and reproductive days, and an increased total pre-reproductive period compared to susceptible aphids. In addition, the key demographic parameters such as the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and the net reproductive rate (R 0) were substantially reduced in the resistant S. graminum populations. These findings provide in-depth information about the risk of insecticide resistance evolution and the associated fitness costs in S. graminum.
Keywords
resistance selection • life table • insecticide • aphid • demography • greenbug